Fig. 5.

Butyrate-induced dynamics in chromatin states, gene expression, and their associated traits and tissues. a Relative proportion of changed regions induced by butyrate treatment (24 h) in rumen epithelial primary cells (REPC). The relative proportion of changed regions for a chromatin state was calculated as the altered (increased or decreased) length of this chromatin state during butyrate treatment divided by the total length of this particular chromatin state before treatment. b Changes of enrichment folds of upregulated (left) and downregulated (right) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for 15 chromatin states before and after butyrate treatment, respectively. c Significantly enriched KEGG pathways for up- and downregulated DEGs, respectively. d GWAS signal enrichments of DEGs for 45 complex traits in cattle. The red dashed line corresponds to Bonferroni-corrected P value = 0.05. e Tissue-specific gene enrichment analysis (hypergeometric test) for DEGs