Table 1.
Demographic, cardiometabolic factors, and daily intake characteristics of subjects with and without metabolic syndrome
| Characteristic | Total |
Men |
Women |
Gender* MetS interaction P | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MetS+ (n = 1699) | MetS (n = 1936) | P | MetS+ (n = 521) | MetS (n = 714) | P | MetS+ (n = 1178) | MetS (n = 1222) | P | ||
| Education level | 0.750 | 0.625 | 0.382 | 0.732 | ||||||
| < 1 year (%) | 299 (17.60) | 292 (15.08) | 40 (7.0) | 49 (6.8) | 259 (21.9) | 243 (19.9) | ||||
| 1-8 years (%) | 822 (48.30) | 897 (46.30) | 218 (41.8) | 288 (40.3) | 604 (51.4) | 609 (49.9) | ||||
| > 8 years (%) | 578 (34.00) | 747 (38.50) | 263 (50.4) | 377 (52.9) | 315 (26.7) | 370 (30.2) | ||||
| Current cigarette smoking | 0.440 | 0.396 | < 0.001 | < 0.050 | ||||||
| Yes (%) | 389 (22.80) | 387 (20.00) | 139 (28.0) | 209 (24.0) | 250 (21.0) | 178 (14.0) | ||||
| Physical activity level (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.010 | < 0.010 | 0.192 | ||||||
| Sedentary (%) | 1319 (77.63) | 1118 (57.70) | 415 (80) | 416 (58.2) | 904 (76.0) | 702 (58.0) | ||||
| Low activity (%) | 289 (17.01) | 561 (28.97) | 73 (14.0) | 164 (23.2) | 216 (18.0) | 397 (33.0) | ||||
| Active (%) | 68 (4.00) | 196 (10.10) | 21 (4.1) | 88 (12.4) | 47 (3.0) | 108 (9.0) | ||||
| Very active (%) | 20 (1.10) | 59 (3.00) | 10 (1.9) | 44 (6.2) | 10 (0.8) | 15 (1.2) | ||||
| Age | 48.79 ± 7.93 | 47.66 ± 7.65 | < 0.001 | 49.10 ± 7.6 | 48.90 ± 8.00 | 0.694 | 48.70 ± 8.06 | 46.90 ± 7.30 | < 0.001 | 0.939 |
| Weight (kg) | 75.97 ± 12.35 | 68.40 ± 12.35 | < 0.001 | 83.40 ± 11.0 | 72.70 ± 30.01 | < 0.001 | 72.60 ± 11.40 | 66.41 ± 11.90 | 0.901 | 0.321 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 100.72 ± 9.78 | 91.06 ± 12.10 | < 0.001 | 101.80 ± 6.9 | 89.50 ± 10.80 | < 0.001 | 100.20 ± 10.70 | 91.90 ± 12.60 | < 0.001 | 0.462 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.77 ± 4.13 | 26.70 ± 4.40 | < 0.001 | 28.80 ± 3.3 | 25.50 ± 3.20 | < 0.001 | 30.10 ± 4.30 | 27.52 ± 4.66 | 0.811 | 0.553 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 128.98 ± 19.43 | 116.13 ± 15.25 | < 0.001 | 128.90 ± 17.1 | 118.80 ± 15.50 | < 0.001 | 128.90 ± 20.30 | 114.50 ± 14.80 | < 0.001 | 0.762 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 83.95 ± 11.71 | 76.23 ± 10.21 | < 0.001 | 85.20 ± 10.5 | 78.40 ± 10.20 | < 0.001 | 83.30 ± 12.10 | 74.90 ± 9.90 | < 0.001 | 0.144 |
| Blood glucose (mg/dl) | 88.10 ± 25.10 | 80.08 ± 14.95 | < 0.001 | 87.92 ± 22.7 | 81.13 ± 15.27 | < 0.001 | 88.17 ± 23.90 | 79.40 ± 4.70 | < 0.001 | 0.545 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 198.57 ± 38.77 | 188.38 ± 37.50 | < 0.001 | 190.60 ± 37.8 | 184.50 ± 37.90 | 0.005 | 200.60 ± 38.70 | 190.60 ± 37.30 | < 0.001 | 0.366 |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl) | 37.96 ± 7.56 | 44.77 ± 10.24 | < 0.001 | 34.96 ± 6.4 | 40.39 ± 8.66 | < 0.001 | 40.66 ± 7.33 | 47.30 ± 10.20 | < 0.001 | < 0.050 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl) | 123.93 ± 34.29 | 122.10 ± 32.09 | 0.110 | 118.40 ± 32.7 | 119.70 ± 31.80 | 0.514 | 126.39 ± 34.70 | 123.50 ± 32.10 | 0.042 | < 0.050 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 185.42 ± 92.67 | 112.52 ± 58.45 | < 0.001 | 179.0 (IQR 144-236) | 109.0 (IQR 79-150) | < 0.001 | 166.0 (IQR 119-210) | 97.0 (IQR 73-125) | < 0.001 | 0.474 |
| Uric acid (mg/dl) | 4.92 ± 2.17 | 4.42 ± 1.25 | < 0.001 | 5.62 ± 1.3 | 5.17 ± 1.20 | < 0.001 | 4.61 ± 2.30 | 3.9 ± 1.02 | < 0.001 | 0.072 |
| High sensitive C-reactive protein (mg/l) | 1.8 (IQR 1.12-3.47) | 1.3 (IQR 0.83-2.52) | 0.110 | 1.4 (IQR 1.01-2.7) | 1.3 (IQR 0.8-2.3) | < 0.001 | 2.1 (IQR 1.2-3.8) | 1.3 (IQR 0.9-2.6) | < 0.001 | < 0.050 |
| Energy (kcal) | 1651.65 ± 586.67 | 1644.06 ± 560.53 | 0.590 | 1977.40 ± 26.6 | 1812.70 ± 21.70 | < 0.001 | 1465.30± 13.40 | 1473.00 ± 13.80 | 0.632 | 0.122 |
| Protein | ||||||||||
| Crude intake (g) | 60.41 ± 24.74 | 59.51 ± 24.70 | 0.270 | 71.40 ± 1.1 | 65.90 ± 0.90 | < 0.001 | 55.40 ± 0.65 | 55.70 ± 0.70 | 0.802 | 0.469 |
| Total energy adjusted (g) | 59.72 ± 15.44 | 59.06 ± 16.16 | 0.210 | 59.90 ± 0.8 | 59.90 ± 0.60 | 0.994 | 59.60 ± 0.40 | 58.50 ± 0.40 | 0.703 | 0.338 |
| Total energy (%) | 14.79 ± 3.76 | 14.58 ± 3.93 | 0.110 | 13.60 ± 0.1 | 13.7 ± 0.1 | 0.740 | 13.80 ± 0.10 | 13.50 ± 0.10 | 0.021 | 0.229 |
| Carbohydrate | ||||||||||
| Crude intake (g) | 232.31 ± 96.36 | 230.25 ± 94.53 | 0.510 | 282.07 ± 4.6 | 258.80 ± 3.70 | < 0.001 | 210.10 ± 2.41 | 213.60 ± 2.50 | 0.312 | 0.322 |
| Total energy adjusted (g) | 230.65 ± 39.75 | 229.73 ± 41.40 | 0.490 | 231.30 ± 2.1 | 232.90 ± 1.60 | 0.544 | 230.30 ± 1.03 | 228.00 ± 1.10 | 0.213 | 0.265 |
| Total energy (%) | 55.93 ± 9.83 | 55.57 ± 10.23 | 0.270 | 55.30 ± 0.4 | 55.30 ± 0.30 | 0.768 | 54.20 ± 0.20 | 53.50 ± 0.20 | 0.604 | 0.140 |
| Total fat | ||||||||||
| Crude intake (g) | 59.99±25.07 | 60.42 ± 24.58 | 0.600 | 70.50 ± 1.1 | 64.30 ± 0.90 | < 0.001 | 55.20 ± 0.60 | 58.03 ± 0.60 | 0.004 | < 0.050 |
| Total energy adjusted (g) | 59.06±15.28 | 59.74 ± 16.14 | 0.190 | 58.60 ± 0.7 | 58.04 ± 0.60 | 0.118 | 59.20 ± 0.40 | 60.60 ± 0.40 | 0.012 | 0.124 |
| Total energy (%) | 32.85±8.57 | 33.39 ± 8.96 | 0.060 | 31.10 ± 0.3 | 31.00 ± 0.30 | 0.108 | 32.00 ± 0.20 | 33.00 ± 0.20 | 0.009 | 0.262 |
| Saturated fatty acid | ||||||||||
| Crude intake (g) | 16.20±8.27 | 16.49 ± 8.00 | 0.270 | 18.90 ± 0.4 | 17.90 ± 0.30 | 0.039 | 14.90 ± 0.20 | 15.60 ± 0.20 | 0.041 | 0.233 |
| Total energy adjusted (g) | 16.62±6.42 | 16.98 ± 6.41 | 0.080 | 16.50 ± 0.3 | 16.90 ± 0.20 | 0.188 | 16.60 ± 0.10 | 16.90 ± 0.10 | 0.202 | 0.882 |
| Monounsaturated fatty acid | ||||||||||
| Crude intake (g) | 16.30±7.39 | 16.29 ± 7.41 | 0.970 | 16.20 ± 0.3 | 15.90 ± 0.20 | < 0.001 | 14.50 ± 0.20 | 14.70 ± 0.20 | 0.042 | 0.124 |
| Total energy adjusted (g) | 16.03±4.97 | 16.09 ± 5.46 | 0.720 | 16.24 ± 0.3 | 15.98 ± 0.20 | 0.114 | 15.90 ± 0.10 | 16.10 ± 0.10 | 0.165 | 0.951 |
| Poly unsaturated fatty acid | ||||||||||
| Crude intake (g) | 20.72±10.88 | 20.64 ± 10.69 | 0.820 | 23.90 ± 0.5 | 21.20 ± 0.30 | < 0.001 | 18.80 ± 0.30 | 19.30 ± 0.30 | 0.015 | < 0.050 |
| Total energy adjusted (g) | 20.48±8.59 | 20.50 ± 8.81 | 0.960 | 20.10 ± 0.4 | 19.20 ± 0.30 | 0.074 | 20.60 ± 0.20 | 21.20 ± 0.20 | 0.085 | < 0.050 |
| Cholesterol | ||||||||||
| Crude intake (g) | 204.74 ± 179.76 | 207.09 ± 177.56 | 0.690 | 252.30 ± 9.9 | 236.40 ± 7.10 | 0.181 | 183.60 ± 4.30 | 189.80 ± 4.70 | 0.342 | 0.786 |
| Total energy adjusted (g) | 203.10 ± 169.06 | 206.19 ± 169.08 | 0.580 | 217.90 ± 9.5 | 218.60 ± 6.90 | 0.955 | 196.60 ± 4.10 | 198.70 ± 4.50 | 0.729 | 0.816 |
*
P < 0.050 is significant.
Values are expressed as mean ± SD for normally distribution data and median with interquartile range of non-normally distributed data. The Student’s t-test is used for comparison of normally distributed data and Mann-Whitney test for comparison of non-normally distribution data between men with and without MetS and women with and without MetS.
MetS: Metabolic syndrome; MetS+: with metabolic syndrome; MetS−: without metabolic syndrome; IQR: Interquartile range; SD: Standard deviation
Macronutrient intakes are reported as a percentage of the total energy.