Table 3.

Cognitive performance test scores by IL-1β, stratified by age group, sex and race, for HANDLS participants with complete and reliable baseline and/or follow-up cognitive scores: mixed-effects regression models^a

	All	Younger (≤50y)	Older (>50y)	Women	Men	Whites	African- Americans
Mini-Mental State Exam, total score
IL-1β	−0.004±0.014	−0.019±0.016	+0.012±0.037	−0.011±0.016	+0.080±0.073	+0.039±0.036	−0.015±0.019
IL-1β ×TIME	+0.005±0.003 (N=216; k=1.6)	+0.006±0.004 (N=103; k=1.7)	+0.003±0.008 (N=113; k=1.6)	+0.004±0.004 (N=143; k=1.7)	−0.004±0.022 (N=73; k=1.6)	−0.013±0.009 (N=70; k=1.7)	+0.009±0.004b (N=146; k=1.6)
California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), List A
IL-1β	+0.060±0.050	+0.111±0.063	+0.130±0.100	+0.091±0.053	+0.182±0.231	+0.086±0.289	+0.135±0.057b
IL-1β ×TIME	−0.007±0.010 (N=207; k=1.6)	−0.017±0.012 (N=100; k=1.6)	−0.003±0.023 (N=107; k=1.5)	−0.005±0.010 (N=135; k=1.6)	−0.126±0.098 (N=72; k=1.5)	−0.051±0.069 (N=68; k=1.5)	−0.012±0.011 (N=139; k=1.6)
CVLT, Free Delayed Recall
IL-1β	+0.044±0.023	+0.055±0.030	+0.044±0.045	+0.046±0.024	+0.142±0.099	+0.111±0.120	+0.063±0.027b
IL-1β ×TIME	−0.009±0.005 (N=206; k=1.5)	−0.012±0.006 (N=100; k=1.5)	−0.020±0.011 (N=106; k=1.5)	−0.008±0.005 (N=136; k=1.6)	−0.07±0.043 (N=70; k=1.5)	−0.045±0.028 (N=66; k=1.5)	−0.009±0.006 (N=140; k=1.6)
Benton Visual Retention Test
IL-1β	+0.036±0.038	+0.022±0.042	+0.028±0.090	+0.030±0.042	−0.15±0.182	+0.221±0.208	−0.055±0.155
IL-1β ×TIME	−0.001±0.009 (N=217; k=1.7)	−0.001±0.008 (N=103; k=1.8)	+0.044±0.033 (N=114; k=1.6)	+0.001±0.010 (N=141; k=1.7)	+0.011±0.059 (N=76; k=1.6)	−0.236±0.149 (N=44; k=1.7)	+0.053±0.050 (N=111; k=1.7)
Brief Test of Attention
IL-1β	−0.011±0.018	−0.034±0.022	+0.086±0.061	−0.019±0.020	+0.112±0.076	+0.111±0.088	−0.039±0.024
IL-1β ×TIME	+0.003±0.004 (N=212; k=1.6)	+0.009±0.005 (N=101; k=1.7)	−0.026±0.017 (N=111; k=1.6)	+0.005±0.004 (N=141; k=1.6)	−0.040±0.039 (N=71; k=1.6)	−0.028±0.021 (N=71; k=1.7)	+0.008±0.005 (N=141; k=1.6)
Animal Fluency
IL-1β	−0.032±0.036	+0.02±0.046	+0.003±0.080	−0.023±0.037	+0.184±0.183	+0.037±0.108	+0.020±0.043
IL-1β ×TIME	+0.004±0.008 (N=222; k=1.7)	+0.001±0.01 (N=104; k=1.7)	+0.006±0.017 (N=118; k=1.6)	+0.003±0.007 (N=145; k=1.7)	+0.059±0.071 (N=77; k=1.6)	−0.043±0.030 (N=72; k=1.7)	+0.002±0.009 (N=150; k=1.6)
Digits Span, Forward
IL-1β	+0.015±0.016	+0.025±0.020	−0.106±0.057	+0.020±0.017	−0.115±0.078	−0.046±0.046	+0.020±0.021
IL-1β ×TIME	+0.000±0.003 (N=219; k=1.7)	−0.003±0.004 (N=103; k=1.7)	+0.031±0.016 (N=116; k=1.6)	−0.001±0.004 (N=144; k=1.7)	−0.038±0.028 (N=75; k=1.6)	+0.025±0.010b (N=72; k=1.7)	−0.003±0.004 (N=147; k=1.6)
Digits Span,Backward
IL-1β	+0.008±0.015	−0.003±0.017	+0.071±0.057	+0.011±0.016	−0.068±0.064	+0.034±0.044	−0.011±0.018
IL-1β ×TIME	−0.003±0.003 (N=219; k=1.7)	+0.000±0.003 (N=103; k=1.7)	−0.029±0.016 (N=116; k=1.6)	−0.004±0.004 (N=144; k=1.7)	+0.011±0.026 (N=75; k=1.6)	+0.007±0.011 (N=72; k=1.7)	−0.001±0.004 (N=147; k=1.6)
Clock, Command
IL-1β	+0.009±0.010	−0.001±0.013	−0.024±0.036	+0.008±0.011	+0.016±0.045	+0.000±0.025	−0.008±0.014
IL-1β ×TIME	−0.002±0.002 (N=219; k=1.7)	+0.001±0.003 (N=104; k=1.8)	+0.009±0.010 (N=115; k=1.6)	−0.002±0.002 (N=145; k=1.7)	+0.031±0.018 (N=74; k=1.6)	+0.003±0.007 (N=73; k=1.7)	+0.001±0.003 (N=146; k=1.7)
Trailmaking Test, Part A
IL-1β	−0.174±0.367	−0.116±0.538	−0.176±0.822	−0.067±0.335	−1.061±2.629	−0.278±0.251	−0.254±0.530
IL-1β ×TIME	+0.043±0.111 (N’=352)	+0.010±0.151 (N’=177)	+0.105±0.313 (N’=175)	+0.016±0.100 (N’=236)	−0.866±1.251 (N’=116)	−0.001±0.084 (N’=122)	+0.045±0.163 (N’=230)
Trailmaking Test, Part B
IL-1β	−1.099±1.147	+0.220±1.276	−1.214±2.788	−0.295±1.354	−2.333±6.138	−1.221±1.265	−0.769±1.657
IL-1β ×TIME	+0.387±0.243 (N=207; k=1.7)	+0.026±0.201 (N=99; k=1.8)	+2.492±0.893d (N=108; k=1.6)	+0.387±0.404 (N=230)	+0.604±2.877 (N=117)	−0.159±0.257 (N=69; k=1.7)	+0.709±0.375 (N=138; k=1.6)

Key: CES-D=Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression; IL=Interleukin; k=number of observations/participant; MMSE=Mini-Mental State Examination; NSAIDs=Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PIR=poverty income ratio; N=number of participants; N’=Number of observations (when ordinary least square linear regression is used instead of mixed-effects regression models); WRAT=Wide Range Achievement Test.

^aMost cognitive test scores were in the direction of higher score=better performance, except for BVRT (total errors), and Trailmaking Test both parts (expressed in seconds). Models were controlled for socio-demographic factors, namely age (centered at 50y), sex, race, poverty status, education, marital status, literacy, and employment status and the inverse mills ratio. Additional covariates were considered for inclusion namely current smoking status, current drug use, body mass index (BMI, centered at 30), CES-D total score (centered at 15), HEI-2010 (centered at 40), self-reported diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory conditions, NSAIDs. Only those that were associated with IL-1β in a separate bivariate OLS regression model were included (current smoking). All covariates were interacted with TIME. All inverse mills ratios were centered at zero.

^bP<0.05 for null hypothesis that γ=0;

^cP<0.004 for null hypothesis that γ=0 for main effect IL-1β;

^dP<0.009 for null hypothesis that γ=0 for interaction between IL-1β and TIME.

^ep<0.05 for null hypothesis of no difference by Age group, sex or race, based on 2-way and 3-way interaction terms with IL-1β and TIME.