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. 2019 Jun 3;28(9):2453–2469. doi: 10.1007/s11136-019-02219-4

Table 4.

Associations between performing individual versus team sports and HRQOL dimensions

Crude analyses Adjusteda Adjustedb
Bc p CI Bc p CI Bc p CI
Physical domain
 Physical well-being
  Individual sports Reference group
  Team sports 0.48 0.59 − 1.32 to 2.28 0.09 0.92 − 1.71 to 1.90 − 0.44 0.63 − 2.23 to 1.35
  Individual as well as team sports 1.09 0.34 − 1.16 to 3.34 1.29 0.26 − 0.94 to 3.53 − 0.53 0.66 − 2.88 to 1.83
  Non-members − 3.31 0.004 − 5.58 to − 1.04 − 2.96 0.01 − 5.22 to − 0.70 − 0.15 0.91 − 2.73 to 2.43
Psychological domain
 Psychological well-being
  Individual sports Reference group
  Team sports 0.54 0.53 − 1.14 to 2.22 0.57 0.52 − 1.14 to 2.27 0.10 0.91 − 1.60 to 1.80
  Individual as well as team sports 0.90 0.40 − 1.18 to 2.98 1.29 0.22 − 0.79 to 3.37 − 0.30 0.79 − 2.51 to 1.92
  Non-members − 0.16 0.88 − 2.28 to 1.96 0.03 0.98 − 2.10 to 2.15 2.36 0.06 − 0.07 to 4.78
 Moods and emotions
  Individual sports Reference group
  Team sports − 0.67 0.09 − 3.70 to 0.27 − 1.94 0.06 − 3.95 to 0.08 − 2.22 0.03 − 4.24 to − 0.20
  Individual as well as team sports − 0.42 0.74 − 2.87 to 2.03 − 0.06 0.96 − 2.50 to 2.38 − 1.15 0.39 − 3.76 to 1.45
  Non-members − 1.72 0.60 − 3.15 to 1.81 − 0.65 0.61 − 3.11 to 1.82 0.99 0.49 − 1.83 to 3.81
 Self-perception
  Individual sports Reference group
  Team sports − 1.01 0.28 − 2.82 to 0.82 − 1.60 0.08 − 3.39 to 0.19 − 1.77 0.05 − 3.56 to 0.03
  Individual as well as team sports − 0.01 1.00 − 2.26 to 2.25 0.31 0.78 − 1.89 to 2.53 − 0.30 0.80 − 2.66 to 2.05
  Non-members − 1.01 0.39 − 3.30 to 1.28 − 0.77 0.50 − 3.01 to 1.48 0.57 0.66 − 2.01 to 3.15
Social domain
 Autonomy
  Individual sports Reference group
  Team sports − 0.62 0.46 − 2.28 to 1.04 − 0.77 0.37 − 2.45 to 0.91 0.92 0.29 − 2.61- 0.77
  Individual as well as team sports − 0.63 0.55 − 2.73 to 1.46 − 0.21 0.84 − 2.30 to 1.88 − 0.72 0.53 − 2.95 to 1.52
  Non-members − 0.91 0.40 − 3.04 to 1.22 − 0.82 0.45 − 2.94 to 1.31 − 0.02 0.99 − 2.48 to 2.44
 Parents and home life
  Individual sports Reference group
  Team sports − 0.93 0.26 − 2.53 to 0.71 − 0.97 0.25 − 2.61 to 0.67 − 1.33 0.11 − 2.97 to 0.30
  Individual as well as team sports − 0.34 0.74 − 2.34 to 1.67 0.04 0.97 − 1.96 to 2.04 − 1.26 0.25 − 3.40 to 0.87
  Non-members − 1.82 0.08 − 3.79 to 0.28 − 1.66 0.11 − 3.68 to 0.37 0.28 0.81 − 2.04 to 2.60
 Social support and peers
  Individual sports Reference group
  Team sports − 0.91 0.31 − 2.67 to 0.85 − 0.73 0.42 − 2.53 to 1.06 − 1.09 0.23 − 2.89 to 0.71
  Individual as well as team sports 0.17 0.88 − 2.06 to 2.39 0.56 0.62 − 1.67 to 2.78 − 0.71 0.56 − 3.08 to 1.67
  Non-members − 2.64 0.02 − 4.90 to − 0.37 − 2.39 0.04 − 4.66 to − 0.13 − 0.48 0.72 − 3.09 to 2.12
 Social acceptance (bullying)
  Individual sports Reference group
  Team sports − 0.41 0.70 − 2.36 to 1.53 − 0.46 0.65 − 2.44 to 1.53 − 0.67 0.51 − 2.57 to 1.36
  Individual as well as team sports 0.90 0.47 − 1.53 to 3.32 1.08 0.38 − 1.35 to 3.52 0.29 0.83 − 1.93 to 3.20
  Non-members − 1.35 0.28 − 3.81 to 1.10 − 1.20 0.34 − 3.68 to 1.27 − 0.03 0.98 − 3.07 to 2.52
 School environment
  Individual sports Reference group
  Team sports − 1.77 0.04 − 3.42 to − 0.12 − 1.44 0.09 − 3.12 to 0.24 − 1.57 0.07 − 3.27 to 0.11
  Individual as well as team sports 0.00 1.00 − 2.07 to 2.07 0.22 0.84 − 1.86 to 2.30 − 0.31 0.78 − 2.55 to 1.91
  Non-members − 0.81 0.45 − 2.91 to 1.28 − 0.68 0.53 − 2.79 to 1.43 0.15 0.90 − 2.29 to 2.59
 Financial resources
  Individual sports Reference group
  Team sports − 0.97 0.25 2.64 to 0.70 − 0.94 0.28 − 2.64 to 0.76 − 1.16 0.18 − 2.87 to 0.55
  Individual as well as team sports − 0.53 0.62 2.62 to 1.56 − 0.23 0.83 − 2.33 to 1.86 − 1.05 0.36 − 3.29 to 1.19
  Non-members − 2.89 0.01 − 5.02 to − 0.77 − 2.67 0.01 − 4.80 to − 0.54 − 1.43 0.25 − 3.88 to 1.02

Significant p’s are in bold

aAdjusted for gender, age, BMI, SES and household composition

bAdjusted for gender, age, BMI, SES, household composition and frequency

cUnstandardized regression coefficient