Skip to main content
. 2019 Jun 3;28(9):2453–2469. doi: 10.1007/s11136-019-02219-4

Table 5.

Associations between performing indoor versus outdoor sports and HRQOL dimensions

Crude analyses Adjusted analysesa Adjusted analysesb
Bc p CI Bc p CI Bc p CI
Physical domain
 Physical well-being
  Indoor sports Reference group
  Outdoor sports 3.26 < 0.001 1.56 to 4.95 2.54 0.01 0.77 to 4.31 1.75 0.05 − 0.03 to 3.54
  Indoor as well as outdoor sports 2.67 0.03 0.24 to 5.09 2.86 0.02 0.45 to 5.27 1.08 0.41 − 1.48 to 3.64
  Non-members − 1.83 0.10 − 4.01 to 0.34 − 1.69 0.13 − 3.86 to 0.48 0.65 0.60 − 1.82 to 3.13
Psychological domain
 Psychological well-being
  Indoor sports Reference group
  Outdoor sports 2.04 0.01 0.45 to 3.62 1.80 0.03 0.13 to 3.47 1.01 0.24 − 0.69 to 2.71
  Indoor as well as outdoor sports 0.95 0.41 − 1.33 to 3.23 1.17 0.32 − 1.11 to 3.44 − 0.53 0.67 − 2.95 to 1.89
  Non-members 0.54 0.60 − 1.50 to 2.57 0.50 0.63 − 1.54 to 2.54 2.68 0.02 0.36 to 5.00
 Moods and emotions
  Indoor sports Reference group
  Outdoor sports 2.63 0.01 0.75 to 4.53 2.21 0.03 0.22–4.20 1.79 0.09 − 0.25 to 3.83
  Indoor as well as outdoor sports 2.11 0.12 − 0.58 to 4.79 2.33 0.09 − 0.34 to 5.00 1.44 0.32 − 1.42 to 4.31
  Non-members 1.83 0.13 − 0.55 to 4.22 1.63 0.18 − 0.75 to 4.01 2.76 0.05 0.04 to 5.47
 Self-perception
  Indoor sports Reference group
  Outdoor sports 3.13 < 0.001 1.42 to 4.84 1.97 0.03 0.22 to 3.73 1.82 0.05 0.01 to 3.62
  Indoor as well as outdoor sports 3.37 0.01 0.92 to 5.82 3.80 0.002 1.40 to 6.19 3.26 0.01 0.88 to 6.03
  Non-members 1.45 0.19 − 0.73 to 3.64 1.39 0.20 − 0.76 to 3.55 1.84 0.15 − 0.64 to 4.32
Social domain
 Autonomy
  Indoor sports Reference group
  Outdoor sports 0.54 0.03 0.20 to 3.34 1.33 0.11 − 0.32 to 2.98 1.19 0.17 − 0.50 to 2.89
  Indoor as well as outdoor sports 1.03 0.37 − 1.24 to 3.30 1.33 0.25 − 0.93 to 3.59 1.01 0.41 − 1.42 to 3.45
  Non-members 1.77 0.60 − 1.50 to 2.59 0.41 0.69 − 1.63 to 2.46 0.83 0.49 − 1.53 to 3.20
 Parents and home life
  Indoor sports Reference group
  Outdoor sports 1.97 0.01 0.42 to 3.51 0.69 0.05 0.03 to 3.28 1.19 0.16 − 0.48 to 2.85
  Indoor as well as outdoor sports 2.17 0.05 − 0.02 to 4.36 2.37 0.03 0.19 to 4.55 1.33 0.27 − 1.01 to 3.66
  Non-members − 0.01 0.99 − 1.97 to 1.95 − 0.05 0.96 − 2.00 to 1.91 1.29 0.26 − 0.94 to 3.52
 Social support and peers
  Indoor sports Reference group
  Outdoor sports 1.59 0.06 − 0.07 to 3.26 1.64 0.07 − 0.12 to 3.40 1.04 0.26 − 0.77 to 2.84
  Indoor as well as outdoor sports 0.53 0.67 − 1.89 to 2.95 0.70 0.57 − 1.71 to 3.11 − 0.65 0.62 − 3.23 to 1.94
  Non-members − 1.31 0.24 − 3.49 to 0.88 − 1.26 0.26 − 3.44 to 0.91 0.53 0.68 − 1.97 − 3.03
 Social acceptance (bullying)
  Indoor sports Reference group
  Outdoor sports 2.01 0.03 0.17 to 3.87 1.80 0.07 − 0.15 to 3.75 1.51 0.14 − 0.50 to 3.52
  Indoor as well as outdoor sports 2.62 0.05 − 0.03 to 5.26 2.70 0.05 0.05 to 5.35 2.07 0.15 − 0.78 to 4.92
  Non-members 0.04 0.97 − 2.32 to 2.40 0.03 0.98 − 2.35 to 2.41 0.83 0.55 − 1.90 to 3.56
 School environment
  Indoor sports Reference group
  Outdoor sports − 1.14 0.16 − 2.70 to 0.44 − 0.92 0.28 − 2.57 to 0.73 − 1.17 0.18 − 2.87 to 0.53
  Indoor as well as outdoor sports 1.40 0.22 − 0.85 to 3.65 1.49 0.20 − 0.77 to 3.75 0.93 0.45 − 1.50 to 3.35
  Non-members − 0.28 0.79 − 2.30 to 1.74 − 0.20 0.84 − 2.24 to 1.83 0.53 0.66 − 1.81 to 2.88
 Financial resources
  Indoor sports Reference group
  Outdoor sports 2.63 0.001 1.05 to 4.21 2.56 0.003 0.90 to 4.21 2.36 0.01 0.65 to 4.07
  Indoor as well as outdoor sports 2.26 0.05 − 0.01 to 5.53 2.54 0.03 0.28 to 4.81 2.11 0.09 − 0.33 to 4.54
  Non-members − 0.73 0.48 − 2.76 to 1.31 − 0.68 0.51 − 2.71 to 1.36 − 0.12 0.92 − 2.46 to 2.22

Significant p’s are in bold

aAdjusted for gender, age, BMI, SES and household composition

bAdjusted for gender, age, BMI, SES, household composition and frequency of sports participation

cUnstandardized regression coefficient