Table 2.
Characteristics of the corticosteroid injection used in each trial
| Trial | Drug | Local anaesthetic | Ultrasound guidance | Needle placement |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abdihakin (2012) [20] | Methylprednisolone acetate | Lidocaine 1% | No | NR |
| Acosta-Olivo (2017) [21] | Dexamethasone isonicotinate | Lidocainea | No | Point of maximal tenderness |
| Afsar (2015) [22] | NR | Lidocaine 1% | No | NR |
| Babaei-Ghazani (2019) [23] | Methylprednisolone acetate | Lidocaine 1% | Yes | Within the plantar fascia |
| Ball (2012) [24] | Methylprednisolone acetate | None. Skin anesthetized | Yes | Superficial to the plantar fascia enthesis |
| Celik (2015) [25] | Methylprednisolone acetate | Prilocaine 2% | No | Around the plantar fascia |
| Crawford (1999) [26] | Prednisolone acetate | Lidocaine 1% | No | Within flexor digitorum brevis |
| Diaz-Llopis (2012) [27] | Betamethasone acetate and betamethasone disodium phosphate | Mepivacaine 1% | No | Deep to quadratus plantae, near the plantar fascia insertion |
| Elizondo-Rodriguez (2013) [28] | Dexamethasone isonicotinate | Lidocaine 2% | No | Superior to the plantar fascia |
| Eslamian (2016) [29] | Methylprednisolone acetate | Lidocaine 2% | No | NR |
| Guevara Serna (2017) [30] | Methylprednisolone acetate | Lidocainea | No | Point of maximal tenderness |
| Guner (2013) [31] | Methylprednisolone acetate | Lidocaine 2% | No | Peppering the plantar fascia |
| Hanselman (2015) [32] | Methylprednisolone acetate | Bupivacaine 0.5% | No | Inserted to calcaneal periosteum then ‘dragged’ across plantar fascia |
| Hocaoglu (2017) [33] | Betamethasone sodium phosphate | Prilocainea | Yes | Into the thickest part of the plantar fascia, distal to its insertion on the calcaneus |
| Huo (2018) [34] | Betamethasonea | Lidocaine 2% | Yes | Within the thickest part of the plantar fascia |
| Jain (2015) [35] | Triamcinolone acetonide | Levobupivacainea | No | Peppering the plantar fascia |
| Jain (2018) [36] | Methylprednisolone acetate | Lidocaine 2% | No | Point of maximal tenderness |
| Johannsen (2019) [37] | Methylprednisolone acetate | Lidocaine 1% | Yes | NR |
| Karimzadeh (2017) [38] | Methylprednisolone acetate | Lidocainea | No | Point of maximal tenderness |
| Kiter (2006) [39] | Methylprednisolone acetate | Prilocaine 2% | No | NR |
| Kriss (2003) [40] | Triamcinolone hexacetonide | NR | No | NR |
| Lai (2018) [41] | Triamcinolone acetonide | Lidocaine 2% | No | NR |
| Lee (2007) [42] | Triamcinolone acetonide | Lidocaine 1% | No | Origin of the plantar fascia |
| Li (2014) [43] | Triamcinolone acetonide | Lidocaine 2% | No | Point of maximal tenderness |
| Mahindra (2016) [44] | Methylprednisolone acetate | NR | No | Peppering the plantar fascia |
| Mardani-Kivi (2015) [45] | Methylprednisolone acetate | Lidocaine 2% | No | Point of maximal tenderness |
| McMillan (2012) [46] | Dexamethasone sodium phosphate | Nil – provided tibial block | Yes | Within the plantar fascia |
| Monto (2014) [47] | Methylprednisolone acetate | Field block to the skin of bupivacaine 0.5% | Yes | NR |
| Mulherin (2009) [48] | Methylprednisolonea | Lidocaine 1% | No | Within the plantar fascia |
| Omar (2012) [49] | NR | NR | No | NR |
| Porter (2005) [50] | Betamethasonea | Lidocaine 1% | No | Point of maximal tenderness |
| Rastegar (2018) [51] | Methylprednisolone acetate | NR | No | Point of maximal tenderness |
| Ryan (2014) [52] | Dexamethasonea | Lidocaine 1% | No | Point of maximal tenderness |
| Saber (2012) [53] | Betamethasone diproprionate and betamethasone sodium phosphate | Lidocaine 0.5% | Yes | Within the plantar fascia |
| Serbest (2013) [54] | Betamethasone acetate and betamethasone sodium phosphate | Prilocaine 2% | No | Point of maximal tenderness |
| Shetty (2019) [55] | Methylprednisolone acetate | Lidocaine 1% | No | Peppering the point of maximal tenderness |
| Sorrentino (2008) [56] | Methylprednisolone acetate | Mepivacaine 3% | Yes | Within the plantar fascia |
| Tiwari (2013) [57] | Methylprednisolone acetate | Lidocaine 2% | No | Point of maximal tenderness |
| Ugurlar (2018) [58] | Betamethasonea | Bupivacaine 0.5% | Yes | Point of maximal tenderness |
| Uygur (2018) [59] | Methylprednisolone acetate | Bupivacaine 0.5% | No | Between the plantar fascia and the periosteum, with peppering |
| Vahdatpour (2016) [60] | Methylprednisolone acetate | Lidocainea | No | Point of maximal tenderness |
| Whittaker (2019) [61] | Betamethasone acetate and betamethasone sodium phosphate | Bupivacaine 0.5% | Yes | Deep and superficial to the plantar fascia |
| Yesiltas (2015) [62] | Triamcinolonea (mixed with distilled water) | NR | No | NR |
| Yucel (2010) [63] | Betamethasone diproprionate and betamethasone sodium phosphate | Prilocaine 2% | No | Point of maximal tenderness |
| Yucel (2013) [64] | Betamethasone diproprionate and betamethasone sodium phosphate | Lidocainea | Yes | Within the plantar fascia |
| Yuzer (2006) [65] | Betamethasone diproprionate and betamethasone sodium phosphate | Prilocaine 2% | No | Point of maximal tenderness |
| Zamani (2014) [66] | Methylprednisolone acetate | NR | No | Point of maximal tenderness |
Abbreviations: NR Not reported
aNo other information provided