Table 1.

Toxicant-influenced exosomal cargo and related disease pathogenesis.

Toxicants	Type of model systems used	Exosomes Isolation method	Exosomal Cargo	Disease Pathogenesis	References
Manganese	MN9D cells, Primary microglial cells, LUHMES cells, The immortalized WT (C57BL/6) murine microglial cell line (WTMC), C57BL/6 mice, Human αSyn-A53T–overexpressing BAC transgenic rats	Ultracentrifugation, ExoQuick precipitation.	αSyn, ASC	Parkinson’s disease, synucleopathies, neurodegenerative disease	53, 54
Ionizing radiation	Head & neck cancer cell lines BHY & FaDu.	Ultracentrifugation	miRNAs, integrins and chemokines	Tracheal carcinoma	39
Cigarette smoke	Human mononuclear cells, airway epithelial cells	Ultracentrifugation	miRNAs	Lung carcinoma	40, 41
Arsenite	human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells, human hepatic epithelial (L-02) cells	ExoQuick precipitation	miR-21, miR- 155	Lung carcinogenesis, liver carcinogenesis	37, 38
Rotenone	C57BL/6J mice	Ultracentrifugation	αSyn	Synucleopathies, Parkinson’s disease, other neurodegenerative disease	57,58
Paraquat	Human neuroblastoma SH- SY5Y cells	ExoQuick precipitation	TDP-43, Cu/Zn SOD	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	30, 59