Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the cases and controls in the ATBC Study a
| Cases | Controls | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 523 | 523 | Matched |
| Age at blood collection, years | 57.9 (5.0) | 57.4 (4.8) | Matched |
| Height (cm) | 173.9 (6.2) | 173.7 (6.2) | 0.59 |
| Weight (kg) | 79.4 (12.6) | 79.6 (12.9) | 0.90 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.2 (3.6) | 26.3 (3.8) | 0.59 |
| History of diabetes (%) | 2.1 | 2.1 | 1.00 |
| Physically active (%) | 20.5 | 20.2 | 0.94 |
| Cigarettes per day | 19.3(8.7) | 19.1(8.0) | 0.87 |
| Years of cigarette smoking | 35.6 (8.8) | 35.9 (8.6) | 0.58 |
| Family history of prostate cancer (%) | 6.6 | 2.3 | 0.005 |
| Serum total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 6.3 (1.2) | 6.3 (1.1) | 0.77 |
| Serum HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) | 0.59 |
| Serum alpha-tocopherol (mg/L) | 11.9 (3.0) | 12.1 (2.9) | 0.16 |
| Serum beta-carotene (μg/L) | 231 (189) | 234 (195) | 0.94 |
| Serum retinol (μg/L) | 602 (131) | 590 (117) | 0.19 |
| Dietary intake per day | |||
| Total energy (kcal) | 2745 (783) | 2713 (729) | 0.72 |
| Fruit (g) | 136 (105) | 129 (103) | 0.27 |
| Vegetables (g) | 116 (74) | 112 (63) | 0.94 |
| Red meat (g) | 69.8 (33.8) | 69.0 (31.6) | 0.84 |
| Coffee (g) | 626 (349) | 620 (377) | 0.59 |
| Alcohol (ethanol, g) | 16.7 (21.8) | 15.9 (19.3) | 0.74 |
| Supplement use | |||
| Vitamin A (%) | 12.1 | 9.9 | 0.27 |
| Vitamin D (%) | 6.9 | 7.4 | 0.81 |
| Calcium (%) | 10.0 | 11.8 | 0.37 |
| Clinical characteristics of cases | |||
| Calendar year of diagnosis, No. (%) | |||
| 1988–1992 | 47 (9.1) | -- | |
| 1993–1997 | 155 (30.0) | -- | |
| 1998–2002 | 149 (28.8) | -- | |
| 2003–2007 | 96 (18.6) | -- | |
| 2008–2014 | 70 (13.5) | -- | |
| Unknown | 6 | ||
| Cancer stage at prostate cancer diagnosis, No. (%) | |||
| I | 76 (17.4) | -- | |
| II | 109 (24.9) | -- | |
| III | 55 (12.6) | -- | |
| IV | 198 (45.2) | -- | |
| Unknown | 85 | ||
| Mean survival time since diagnosis, years | 4.6 | -- | |
| Mean follow-up time since blood collection to prostate cancer death, years | 18 | -- | |
| Number of cases with metastatic disease at diagnosis | 179 | -- |
Abbreviations: ATBC = Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention, HDL = high-density lipoprotein
a
Values are means and standard deviations unless otherwise indicated.