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. 2019 Aug 18;7(16):e14199. doi: 10.14814/phy2.14199

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© 2019 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Effect of a high‐fat meal on monocyte cytokine production. Monocytes of lean and obese subjects were isolated before (t = 0 h) and after (t = 4 h) a high‐fat meal. Monocytes were stimulated with RPMI (negative control), LPS (TLR4 stimulation) or Pam3Cys (TLR2 stimulation). After 24 h, concentrations of MCP‐1, IL‐1β, TNF‐α and IL‐6 were measured in the supernatant. The heatmap shows the effects of the meal on monocyte cytokine production before (pre) and after (post) vancomycin treatment. Red indicates upregulated cytokine production after the meal compared to before the meal. Blue indicates a downregulation of cytokine production after the meal compared to before the meal. n = 10 per group. ^P < 0.1, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. RPMI, Roswell Park Memorial Institute.