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. 2019 Aug 14;14:6519–6538. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S215250

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© 2019 Zhao et al.

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Schematic illustration of the formation of FPCPNDs and the extracellular and intracellular trafficking for the systemic delivery of plasmid DNA to tumors. FPCPNDs were internalized by folate receptor-mediated endocytosis. FA-PEG-CCTS dissociates from PNDs in the acidic endosomes and then PNDs escapes from endosomes through the proton sponge effect. Finally, the plasmid DNA is transported to the nucleus with the aid of NLS due to its nuclear locating ability.

Abbreviations: FPCPNDs, FA-PEG-CCTS/PEI/NLS/pDNA; PNDs, PEI/NLS/pDNA; FA, folate acid; PEG, polyethylene glycol; CCTS, carboxylated chitosan; PEI, polyethyleneimine; NLS, nuclear localization sequences.