Table 1.

Prototype antiseizure drugs evaluated in the lamotrigine‐resistant amygdala kindling model following intraperitoneal administration

Compound	Dose (mg/kg)	Behavioral Seizure Scores	Seizure proportion (# nonconvulsivea/total seizures)	Efficacy (# protectedb/N)	Tolerability (# impaired/N)	Afterdischarge Duration
						Predrug	Postdrug
Vehiclec	0	5,5,5,5,5,5,5	0/8	0/8	0/8	109 ± 17	95 ± 17
Carbamazepine	15	5,0,4,5,5,5,5	0/6	1/7	0/7	89 ± 15	73 ± 14
	30	5,5,2,1,5,5,1,5	3/8	3/8	0/8	125 ± 19	48 ± 16*
	40	0,5,2,0,5,5,2,5	2/6	4/8	0/8	60 ± 8	32 ± 12
	80	0,2,1,2,0,0,3,4	3/5	6/8	6/8	80 ± 21	20 ± 12*
Clobazam	5	5,4,5,5,5,5,2,5	1/8	1/8	0/8	54 ± 5	82 ± 7*
	10	2,2,5,5,5,1,1	4/7	4/7	0/6	89 ± 21	75 ± 6
	15	2,1,1,5,1,2	5/6	5/6	6/6	65 ± 4	50 ± 10
Clonazepam	0.25	5,5,5,5,5,5,5,2	1/8	1/8	0/8	49 ± 9	49 ± 6
	0.5	5,5,5,5,5,1,1	2/7	2/7	0/7	45 ± 5	53 ± 9
	2	2,1,2,2,1,1,1,1	8/8	8/8	0/8	86 ± 15	44 ± 8*
	2.36	5,2,2,5,2,2,2,5	5/8	5/8	0/8	87 ± 18	75 ± 15*
	4	1,2,2,2,2,2,5	6/7	6/7	6/7	58 ± 15	31 ± 6*
Eslicarbazepine	100	4,1,4,5,4,3,4	1/7	2/7	7/7	147 ± 13	68 ± 17*
	150	5,1,5,4,4,4	1/6	1/6	5/6	99 ± 21	74 ± 7
Ethosuximide	200	5,5,5,5,1,5,0,5	1/7	2/8	8/8	107 ± 14	101 ± 18
Ezogabine	1	1,5,5,5,5,5,5,5	1/8	1/8	0/8	107 ± 14	94 ± 18
	5	1,2,0,5,0,3,4	2/5	4/7	0/8	72 ± 11	20 ± 10*
	10	0,0,0,0,1,0,1	2/2	7/7	0/7	85 ± 15	11 ± 3*
	23	0,1,0,0,0,0,0	1/1	7/7	7/7	111 ± 19	8 ± 2*
Gabapentin	10	5,5,5,5,5,5,5	0/7	0/7	0/7	90 ± 21	92 ± 14
	35	2,4,5,4,3,4,3	1/7	1/7	0/7	84 ± 15	64 ± 6
	75	5,2,3,5,4,4,3	1/7	1/7	0/7	112 ± 17	73 ± 10
	150	1,5,4,4,3,3,3	1/7	1/7	0/7	73 ± 10	54 ± 8
	300	2,2,2,2,3,3,2	5/7	5/7	0/7	54 ± 8	17 ± 7*
Lacosamide	10	5,5,5,5,2,5	1/6	1/6	0/6	89 ± 14	62 ± 11
	15	5,5,5,5,4,0,4	0/6	1/7	0/7	99 ± 21	77 ± 19
	30	5,5,3,5,5,4,4	0/7	0/7	0/7	107 ± 21	58 ± 6*
	60	3,0,3,3,3,3,3	0/6	1/7	7/7	58 ± 7	44 ± 10
Lamotrigine	10	5,5,5,0,5,5,5	0/6	1/7	0/7	55 ± 16	47 ± 10
	20	5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5	0/8	0/8	0/8	55 ± 8	63 ± 17
	30	5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5	0/8	0/8	0/8	134 ± 17	109 ± 16
	40	2,5,2,2,3,5,3,4	3/8	3/8	0/8	70 ± 14	94 ± 22
	50	3,5,5,5,5,2,5	1/7	1/7	7/7	106 ± 16	130 ± 18
Levetiracetam	50	4,5,2,5,2,5,5,5	2/8	2/8	0/8	80 ± 16	96 ± 11
	100	3,5,4,4,2,5,1	2/7	2/7	0/7	67 ± 13	80 ± 15
	200	5,5,2,5,2,5,5	2/7	2/7	0/7	85 ± 9	95 ± 17
	400	2,4,5,5,2,2,4	3/7	3/7	0/7	70 ± 14	71 ± 26
Phenobarbital	15	1,4,4,4,5,3,4,5	2/8	1/8	0/7	78 ± 10	76 ± 16
	30	2,5,1,1,1,4,1	5/7	5/7	0/7	86 ± 12	52 ± 16*
	45	1,1,2,1,0,0,1	5/5	7/7	7/7	92 ± 13	39 ± 9*
Phenytoin	10	5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5	0/8	0/8	0/8	68 ± 10	62 ± 14
	20	5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5	0/8	0/8	0/8	55 ± 9	69 ± 12
	30	5,5,5,5,5,5,5	0/7	0/7	0/7	97 ± 19	100 ± 12
	40	4,4,5,4,4,5,4,4	0/8	0/8	2/8	101 ± 20	98 ± 6
Rufinamide	40	4,5,5,5,4,5,5,5	0/8	0/8	8/8	47 ± 10	60 ± 7
Tiagabine	2.5	5,5,5,5,5,5,5	0/7	0/7	0/7	82 ± 13	69 ± 7
	3.75	5,5,5,5,5,5,5	0/7	0/7	0/7	96 ± 19	87 ± 15
	4.5	5,5,5,5,1	1/5	1/5	0/5	60 ± 5	78 ± 17
	5	5,2,2,3,5,2,5	3/7	3/7	0/7	59 ± 12	42 ± 17
	10	0,2,1,3,0,0,1,0	3/4	7/8	8/8	70 ± 9	29 ± 14*
Topiramate	300	5,5,5,5,1,4,4	1/7	1/7	5/7	105 ± 13	89 ± 19
Valproate	75	5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5	0/8	0/8	0/8	49 ± 5	60 ± 6
	135	0,5,0,1,0,2,0,5	2/4	6/8	0/8	66 ± 8	77 ± 19*
	200	0,2,0,0,0,0,0,5	1/2	7/8	0/8	58 ± 5	54 ± 19*
	300	0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	0/0	8/8	0/8	67 ± 15	20 ± 13*

^aNonconvulsive seizures: Racine scores of 1–2.

^bDefinition of protected: Racine scores of 0–2.

^c0.5% methylcellulose.

^* P < 0.05