Table 1.

Physicochemical properties of the main impurities during the production of biopharmaceuticals, according to [38].

Class	pI	MW (kDa)	Hydrophobicity	Origin	Cause
HCP	2–11	10–200	Variable	Host cells	Secretion, lysis
hDNA	2–3	90–1000	Low	Host cells	Lysis
Insulin	5.3–5.5	5.8	Low	Media	Supplement
Virus	4–7.5	200–7200	Variable	Host cells, media	Contamination
Endotoxins	1–4	3–40	Variable	Media, contamination	Contamination