Table 3.

Crude and adjusted logistic regression models showing associations between substance use, sociodemographic characteristics, and viral suppression.

	Model 1a OR (95% CI)	p-value	Model 2b OR (95% CI)	p-value	Model 3c aOR (95% CI)	p-value
Substance use	0.91 (0.88–0.95)	<0.001	0.94 (0.89–0.98)	0.008	0.94 (0.89–0.98)	0.008
Education
Less than high school	–	–	0.78 (0.27–2.22)	0.643	1.14 (0.38–3.41)	0.810
High school	–	–	0.58 (0.25–1.33)	0.199	0.77 (0.32–1.87)	0.569
Some college	–	–	0.54 (0.26-1.11)	0.094	0.66 (0.31–1.42)	0.291
College graduate/Graduate school	–	–	1.00	–	1.00	–
Income
$0-$500	–	–	0.68 (0.33–1.43)	0.313	1.04 (0.46–2.35)	0.919
$501-$1000	–	–	0.70 (0.35–1.43)	0.331	0.87 (0.41–1.84)	0.711
$1001 +	–	–	1.00	–	1.00	–
Employment
Employed	–	–	1.00	–	1.00	–
Unemployed	–	–	0.79 (0.40–1.54)	0.488	0.69 (0.34–1.41)	0.314
Time since diagnosis
≤1 year	–	–	0.12 (0.05–0.30)	<0.001	0.16 (0.06–0.45)	<0.001
>1 to ≤5 years	–	–	0.73 (0.37–1.45)	0.369	1.02 (0.47–2.19)	0.962
>5 to ≤10 years	–	–	l.l2 (0.52–2.43)	0.768	1.46 (0.63–3.40)	0.381
>10 years	–	–	1.00	–	1.00	–
Location
Southeastern MSA	–	–	1.78 (1.03–3.06)	0.039	1.49 (0.85–2.62)	0.161
Midwestern MSA	–	–	1.00	–	1.00	–
Age (years)
18–24	–	–	–	–	0.22 (0.06–0.89)	0.033
25–34	–	–	–	–	0.38 (0.14–0.99)	0.047
35–49	–	–	–	–	0.48 (0.24–0.99)	0.046
≥50	–	–	–	–	1.00	–
Race
Black	–	–	–	–	0.44 (0.25–0.79)	0.006
White	–	–	–	–	1.00	–

MSA: metropolitan statistical area.

^aModel 1: Substance use.

^bModel 2: Substance use and confounders (education, income, employment, time since diagnosis, and location).

^cModel 3: Substance use, confounders, and effect measure modifiers (age and race).