Table 1.
Model specifications | Covariates |
---|---|
Model 0 (Unadjusted) | Family income (Case et al., 2002; Currie & Stabile, 2003) |
Model 1 (Baseline) | Family income (Case et al., 2002; Currie & Stabile, 2003) + Group 1 (G1) baseline variables, namely: child gender (s1a), age (s2b) and ethnicity (s1); month when oral fluid sample was collected (s2 - proxy for seasonality of NoV). (Phillips et al., 2011; O'Brien et al., 2016; Phillips, Tam, Rodrigues, & Lopman, 2010) |
Model 2 | Same variables as in Model 1 + Group 2 (G2) - Child characteristics at birth and early years variables: Gestational age (Barker, 1990; Bentley et al., 2016; Quigley, Kelly, & Sacker, 2007) (s1); parity (firstborn- s1) (Beale et al., 2010; Mucci et al., 2004; Vianna & Polan, 1978); delivery mode (s1) (Bentley et al., 2016); antibiotics use when child older than one year (s2) (Dennehy et al., 2006) |
Model 3 | Same variables as in Model 2 + Group 3 (G3) - Maternal characteristics and child-health-related behaviours variables, namely: Maternal education (s1) (Ludvigsson & Abis Study, 2006; Newman et al., 2015); maternal smoking during pregnancy (s1) (Ludvigsson & Abis Study, 2006); breastfeeding duration (s1) (Baker et al., 1998; Bentley et al., 2016; Eaton-Evans & Dugdale, 1987; Ludvigsson & Abis Study, 2006; Quigley et al., 2007) |
Model 4 | Same variables as in Model 3 + Group 4 (G4) – Home environment variables, namely: siblings living in the household (s2) (Baker et al., 1998; Ludvigsson & Abis Study, 2006; Phillips et al., 2011); house tenure (s2c) (Baker et al., 1998; Ludvigsson & Abis Study, 2006); whether anyone smokes in the same room as the child (i.e. exposure to passive smoking) (s2) (Baker et al., 1998; Ludvigsson & Abis Study, 2006) |
Model 5 | Same variables as in Model 4 + Group 5 (G5) – Environment outside the home variables, namely: childcare arrangements (s2) (Phillips et al., 2011; De Wit et al., 2003; Menon et al., 2013); local pollution, grime or other environmental problems (s1c) (Dai et al., 2004; Gray, Jiang, Morgan-Capner, Desselberger, & Estes, 1993; Peasey et al., 2004); UK country of residence (s2) (Dai et al., 2004; Gray et al., 1993; Peasey et al., 2004) |
Model 6 (Fully adjusted) | Same variables as in Model 5 + Group 6 (G6) – Other family characteristics variables, namely: maternal depression (s2) (Silverstein et al., 2010); language spoken at home (s2) (Bartington et al., 2009) |
Measured at survey 1 (age 9 months).
Measured at survey 2 (age 3).
A variable indicating whether the family had changed address since last survey was controlled for.