Table 3.
Association of covariates with norovirus exposure.
| Variablesa | Coefficients | 95% CIb |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline model variables | ||
| Male | −0.07* | (-0.13, 0.001) |
| Child age (months) | ||
| <36 | --c | --c |
| 36–39 | 0.02 | (-0.13, 0.17) |
| >39 | 0.11 | (-0.08, 0.29) |
| Child ethnicity | ||
| White | – | – |
| Mixed | 0.15 | (-0.05, 0.35) |
| Indian | 0.02 | (-0.21, 0.25) |
| Pakistani and Bangladeshi | 0.06 | (-0.07,0.18) |
| Black or black British | −0.06 | (-0.25, 0.13) |
| Other | 0.17 | (-0.07, 0.40) |
| ‘Importance of early years’ variables | ||
| Gestation < 37 weeks | −0.08 | (-0.24,0.08) |
| Antibiotic at > 1 year | 0.45** | (0.05, 085) |
| Child firstborn | 0.13*** | (0.05, 0.21) |
| Delivery mode | ||
| Normal/instrumental- spontaneous onset | – | – |
| Normal/instrumental- induced labour | −0.03 | (-0.12, 0.06) |
| Planned section- spontaneous onset of labour | −0.18** | (-0.33, −0.04) |
| Planned section- induced labour | −0.23** | (-0.45, −0.01) |
| Emergency section- spontaneous onset of labour | 0.02 | (-0.12, 0.17) |
| Emergency section- induced labour | 0.01 | (-0.16, 0.19) |
| Maternal educationd | ||
| Nvq level 1 | – | – |
| Nvq level 2 | −0.001 | (-0.16, 0.16) |
| Nvq level 3 | −0.02 | (-0.19, 0.15) |
| Nvq level 4 & 5 | 0.07 | (-0.09, 0.45) |
| Overseas qualification only | 0.23** | (0.004, 0.45) |
| None | −0.02 | (-0.19, 0.15) |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy | ||
| Never smoked | – | – |
| Stopped smoking | 0.01 | (-0.11, 0.13) |
| Smoked throughout | 0.02 | (-0.07, 0.12) |
| Breastfeeding | ||
| Never | – | – |
| Less than 7 days | −0.01 | (-0.14, 0.12) |
| 1 week to 3 months | 0.09 | (-0.02, 0.20) |
| 3–6 months | 0.05 | (-0.06, 0.17) |
| More than 6 months | 0.06 | (-0.05, 0.17) |
| ‘Parental investment’ variables | ||
| Siblings at home | ||
| No siblings | – | – |
| 1 or more aged <5 years | −0.07 | (-0.19, 0.05) |
| 1 or more aged ≥ 5 years | −0.12*** | (-0.21, −0.03) |
| House tenure | ||
| Mortgaged/owned | – | – |
| Council rented | −0.07 | (-0.18, 0.04) |
| Rented (housing association or private) | −0.13*** | (-0.23, −0.03) |
| Other | 0.09 | (-0.10, 0.28) |
| Exposure to passive smoking | −0.12** | (-0.22, −0.01) |
| Childcare arrangements | ||
| No childcare | – | – |
| Formal care | 0.15*** | (0.05, 0.26) |
| Informal care | 0.04 | (-0.05, 0.13) |
| Exposure to local pollution and grime | ||
| Very/Fairly common | – | – |
| Not very common | 0.07 | (-0.03, 0.18) |
| Not at all common | 0.11** | (0.01, 0.21) |
| Country of the UK | ||
| England | – | – |
| Wales | 0.004 | (-0.11, 0.12) |
| Scotland | −0.15*** | (-0.26, −0.05) |
| Northern Ireland | −0.28*** | (-0.40, −0.16) |
| ‘Other family characteristics’ variables | ||
| Maternal GP-diagnosed depression | −0.10** | (-0.19,-0.01) |
| Language spoken at home | ||
| English only | – | – |
| English and other language(s) | 0.02 | (-0.09, 0.13) |
| Other language(s) only | 0.18** | (-0.002, 0.36) |
∗ Significant at the 10-percent level.
∗∗ Significant at the 5-percent level.
∗∗∗ Significant at the 1-percent level.
a
Missing data for each variable are reported in Table S3.
b
CI: Confidence Interval.
c
Reference category.
d
Nvq: national vocational qualifications (UK system); NVQ level 1: GCSE grades D-G, NVQ/SVQ/GSVQ level 1; NVQ level 2: O level/GCSE grades A-C, trade apprenticeships, NVQ/SVQ/GSVQ level 2; NVQ level 3: A/AS/S levels, NVQ/SVQ/GSVQ level 3; NVQ level 4 & 5: first degree, diplomas in higher education, professional qualification at degree level, nursing/other medical qualification, higher degree.