Table 3.

Predicting Psychological Distress—Full Bivariate Probit Regression.

	Northern Plains	Southwest Tribe
	Probit Regression	Probit Regression
	Coefficient	Coefficient
Lifetime residence
Vast majority on reservation	—	—
Mostly on reservation	1.07*	1.31***
	(0.20 – 1.93)	(1.07 – 1.56)
Mostly near reservation	1.08*	1 46***
	(0.19 – 1.96)	(1.15 – 1.77)
Mostly off reservation	0.98*	1.37***
	(0.06 – 1.90)	(0.94 – 1.80)
Age
40+ years	—	—
25–39 years	−0.07	0.15†
	(−0.24 – 0.10)	(−0.02 – 0.33)
20–24 years	−0.06	−0.01
	(−0.30 – 0.19)	(−0.25 – 0.23)
Female	0.21*	0.05
	(0.04 – 0.37)	(−0.11 – 0.20)
Marital status
Married	—	—
Separated, divorced,	0.07	−0.24*
widowed
	(−0.13 – 0.26)	(−0.46 - −0.02)
Never married	0.16	0.09
	(−0.04 – 0.35)	(−0.09 – 0.27)
Education
College	—	—
Some college	0.02	0.13
	(−0.30 – 0.35)	(−0.20 – 0.46)
High school diploma	0.18	0.22
	(−0.18 – 0.53)	(−0.11 – 0.54)
Less than high school	0.54*	0.35†
	(0.13 – 0.96)	(−0.03 – 0.73)
Poverty
Household below federal	0.09	0.27**
poverty level
	(−0.08 – 0.27)	(0.10 – 0.44)
Missing	0.16	0.03
	(−0.16 – 0.48)	(−0.31 – 0.37)
Employed	0.09	−0.06
	(−0.08 – 0.25)	(−0.22 – 0.11)
Community problems
At least one occurrence	−0.02	0.00
	(−0.04 – 0.01)	(−0.02 – 0.03)
Missing	−0.37*	−0.13
	(−0.70 – 0.04)	(−0.43 – 0.17)
Life event
At least one occurrence	0.02	0.01
	(−0.03 – 0.07)	(−0.03 – 0.04)
Recent event
At least one occurrence	0.06*	0.04†
	(0.01 – 0.11)	(−0.01 – 0.09)
Traumatic event
At least one occurrence	0.08**	0.00
	(0.03 – 0.13)	(−0.05 – 0.05)
Social support
Isolated	—	—
Perceived social support	−0.17†	−0.10
	(−0.38 – 0.03)	(−0.26 – 0.069)
Negative social support	0.36**	0.39***
	(0.10 – 0.63)	(0.17 – 0.62)
Instrumental support	−0.48*	−0.27†
	(−0.93 – −0.04)	(−0.58 – 0.05)
Observations	1,285	1,124
Rho	0.67	0.92

Note: Dashes indicate the reference group.

^†p < .10.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001.