Table 2.
Associations of short- and long-term BP changes with incident all-cause and CVD mortality compared with participants who maintain BP category.
| BP Category at Baseline | BP Category at Follow-up | number | Short-term changes in blood pressure | number | Long-term changes in blood pressure | P values# | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard Ratio (95%CI) | P Values | β | Hazard Ratio (95%CI) | P Values | β | |||||
| Total | ||||||||||
| All-cause mortality | ||||||||||
| Normotension | Normotension | 1113 | 1.000 (Ref.) | 1324 | 1.000 (Ref.) | |||||
| Prehypertension | 1585 | 1.256(0.793-1.990) | 0.332 | 0.228 | 3056 | 1.379(0.895-2.125) | 0.146 | 0.321 | ||
| Hypertension | 340 | 1.948(1.118-3.392) | 0.019 | 0.667 | 1140 | 1.738(1.099-2.749) | 0.018 | 0.553 | 0.0033 | |
| Prehypertension | Normotension | 1876 | 1.057(0.818-1.366) | 0.672 | 0.055 | 1932 | 0.930(0.704-1.228) | 0.607 | -0.073 | |
| Prehypertension | 8416 | 1.000 (Ref.) | 8211 | 1.000 (Ref.) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 2848 | 1.439(1.218-1.700) | <0.001 | 0.364 | 3769 | 1.203(1.023-1.414) | 0.025 | 0.185 | <0.001 | |
| Hypertension | Normotension | 486 | 0.826(0.549-1.244) | 0.361 | -0.191 | 641 | 1.157(0.884-1.516) | 0.288 | 0.146 | |
| Prehypertension | 3095 | 0.766(0.638-0.899) | 0.002 | -0.267 | 3819 | 0.894(0.782-1.021) | 0.097 | -0.112 | <0.001 | |
| Hypertension | 4245 | 1.000 (Ref.) | 6614 | 1.000 (Ref.) | ||||||
| CVD mortality | ||||||||||
| Normotension | Normotension | 1113 | 1.000 (Ref.) | 1324 | 1.000 (Ref.) | |||||
| Prehypertension | 1585 | 0.789(0.360-1.730) | 0.554 | -0.237 | 3056 | 2.351(1.049-5.269) | 0.038 | 0.855 | <0.001 | |
| Hypertension | 340 | 1.626(0.666-3.969) | 0.286 | 0.486 | 1140 | 1.834(0.765-4.397) | 0.174 | 0.606 | ||
| Prehypertension | Normotension | 1876 | 0.946(0.643-1.391) | 0.777 | -0.056 | 1932 | 0.975(0.646-1.473) | 0.906 | -0.025 | |
| Prehypertension | 8416 | 1.000 (Ref.) | 8211 | 1.000 (Ref.) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 2848 | 1.227(0.963-1.563) | 0.098 | 0.204 | 3769 | 1.323(1.047-1.672) | 0.019 | 0.280 | 0.0012 | |
| Hypertension | Normotension | 486 | 0.639(0.355-1.147) | 0.133 | -0.449 | 641 | 1.105(0.778-1.568) | 0.578 | 0.099 | |
| Prehypertension | 3095 | 0.729(0.585-0.908) | 0.005 | -0.316 | 3819 | 0.902(0.765-1.064) | 0.222 | -0.103 | <0.001 | |
| Hypertension | 4245 | 1.000 (Ref.) | 6614 | 1.000 (Ref.) | ||||||
| Men | ||||||||||
| All-cause mortality | ||||||||||
| Normotension | Normotension | 271 | 1.000 (Ref.) | 320 | 1.000 (Ref.) | |||||
| Prehypertension | 578 | 1.428(0.732-2.784) | 0.296 | 0.356 | 1263 | 1.427(0.763-2.667) | 0.265 | 0.355 | ||
| Hypertension | 117 | 2.374(1.059-5.323) | 0.036 | 0.865 | 525 | 2.001(1.041-3.838) | 0.037 | 0.694 | <0.001 | |
| Prehypertension | Normotension | 682 | 1.111(0.795-1.552) | 0.538 | 0.105 | 707 | 1.036(0.722-1.486) | 0.847 | 0.036 | |
| Prehypertension | 4645 | 1.000 (Ref.) | 4707 | 1.000 (Ref.) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 1498 | 1.672(1.366-2.047) | <0.001 | 0.514 | 2182 | 1.241(1.023-1.505) | 0.029 | 0.216 | <0.001 | |
| Hypertension | Normotension | 165 | 0.812(0.442-1.490) | 0.501 | -0.208 | 211 | 1.154(0.789-1.687) | 0.460 | 0.143 | |
| Prehypertension | 1723 | 0.853(0.692-1.052) | 0.138 | -0.159 | 1798 | 0.881(0.738-1.051) | 0.160 | -0.127 | ||
| Hypertension | 2459 | 1.000 (Ref.) | 3216 | 1.000 (Ref.) | ||||||
| CVD mortality | ||||||||||
| Normotension | Normotension | 271 | 1.000 (Ref.) | 320 | 1.000 (Ref.) | |||||
| Prehypertension | 578 | 0.438(0.139-1.378) | 0.158 | -0.825 | 1263 | 2.927(0.888-9.643) | 0.078 | 1.074 | ||
| Hypertension | 117 | 4.738(0.508-5.946) | 0.379 | 0.553 | 525 | 3.008(0.870-10.403) | 0.082 | 1.101 | ||
| Prehypertension | Normotension | 682 | 1.009(0.611-1.669) | 0.971 | 0.009 | 707 | 1.297(0.783-2.147) | 0.313 | 0.260 | |
| Prehypertension | 4645 | 1.000 (Ref.) | 4707 | 1.000 (Ref.) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 1498 | 1.401(1.041-1.884) | 0.026 | 0.337 | 2182 | 1.354(1.019-1.798) | 0.037 | 0.303 | 0.2585 | |
| Hypertension | Normotension | 165 | 0.354(0.113-1.113) | 0.076 | -1.038 | 211 | 0.869(0.496-1.522) | 0.624 | -0.140 | |
| Prehypertension | 1723 | 0.792(0.603-1.041) | 0.095 | -0.233 | 1798 | 0.907(0.726-1.131) | 0.385 | -0.098 | ||
| Hypertension | 2459 | 1.000 (Ref.) | 3216 | 1.000 (Ref.) | ||||||
| Women | ||||||||||
| All-cause mortality | ||||||||||
| Normotension | Normotension | 842 | 1.000 (Ref.) | 1004 | 1.000 (Ref.) | |||||
| Prehypertension | 1007 | 1.032(0.525-2.028) | 0.928 | 0.031 | 1793 | 1.255(0.684-2.303) | 0.464 | 0.227 | ||
| Hypertension | 223 | 1.515(0.675-3.401) | 0.314 | 0.416 | 615 | 1.289(0.656-2.531) | 0.461 | 0.254 | ||
| Prehypertension | Normotension | 1194 | 1.033(0.691-1.545) | 0.873 | 0.033 | 1225 | 0.851(0.549-1.321) | 0.472 | -0.161 | |
| Prehypertension | 3771 | 1.000 (Ref.) | 3504 | 1.000 (Ref.) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 1350 | 1.095(0.814-1.472) | 0.550 | 0.090 | 1587 | 1.162(0.862-1.567) | 0.324 | 0.150 | ||
| Hypertension | Normotension | 321 | 0.775(0.435-1.379) | 0.386 | -0.255 | 430 | 1.155(0.786-1.698) | 0.464 | 0.144 | |
| Prehypertension | 1372 | 0.606(0.448-0.822) | 0.001 | -0.500 | 2021 | 0.901(0.743-1.105) | 0.318 | -0.104 | <0.001 | |
| Hypertension | 1786 | 1.000 (Ref.) | 3398 | 1.000 (Ref.) | ||||||
| CVD mortality | ||||||||||
| Normotension | Normotension | 842 | 1.000 (Ref.) | 1004 | 1.000 (Ref.) | |||||
| Prehypertension | 1007 | 1.032(0.331-3.220) | 0.956 | 0.032 | 1793 | 1.765(0.572-5.448) | 0.323 | 0.568 | ||
| Hypertension | 223 | 1.343(0.350-5.156) | 0.667 | 0.295 | 615 | 0.549(0.119-2.543) | 0.444 | -0.599 | ||
| Prehypertension | Normotension | 1194 | 0.894(0.486-1.645) | 0.719 | -0.112 | 1225 | 0.697(0.340-1.426) | 0.323 | -0.362 | |
| Prehypertension | 3771 | 1.000 (Ref.) | 3504 | 1.000 (Ref.) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 1350 | 0.992(0.651-1.512) | 0.970 | -0.008 | 1587 | 1.343(0.887-2.032) | 0.163 | 0.295 | ||
| Hypertension | Normotension | 321 | 0.811(0.393-1.677) | 0.573 | -0.209 | 430 | 1.330(0.844-2.094) | 0.219 | 0.285 | |
| Prehypertension | 1372 | 0.610(0.418-0.889) | 0.010 | -0.494 | 2021 | 0.882(0.686-1.133) | 0.324 | -0.126 | <0.001 | |
| Hypertension | 1786 | 1.000 (Ref.) | 3398 | 1.000 (Ref.) | ||||||
Abbreviations: normotension: subjects with blood pressure (BP) <120/80 mmHg; prehypertension: subjects with BP of 120-139/80-89 mmHg; hypertension: subjects with BP≥140/90mmHg or antihypertensive treatment. Adjusted age, gender, ethnicity, SBP, DBP, BMI, education level, physical activity, current drinking, current smoking, family history of hypertension, history of CVD diseases, history of diabetes, history of hyperlipidemia, and antihypertensive treatment.
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