Table 2.

Antibiotic resistance for gram-negative bacteria.

Microorganisms	Type of sample	Study area	No of isolates	Antibiotics and resistance (%)											Reference
				AMP	SXT	AMC	FOX	DOX	CRO	CAF	CIP	E	CN	TTC
K. pneumoniae	sputum, urine, pus	Harar	57		65				40	70			61		[43]
	Urine	Bahir Dar	17	100	50	84.6					21		40	27.8	[24]
	Urine	AAML	18	100	66.7		5.6		44.4		16.7		22.2	44.4	[38]
	Urine	GUH	28	100	100				0	100	0		100	100	[27]
	Wound	JUSH	14	100	85.7			42.9	71	85.7	35.7		64	57	[30]
H. influenza	Ocular swab	JUSH			92.3			7.7	15.3	23	7.7	15.4	0	15.4	[22]
Klebsiella spp	Wound	Mekelle	29	89.7		65.5			86.2		37.9	44.8	27.8		[34]
	Conjunctival swab	West Gojjam	20		28				20	55	0		0	0	[21]
	Urine	AAHFH	14			0			14.3	28.6	78.6		50		[44]
E. coli	Urine	Bahir Dar	64	89.1	64.5	78.6					64.4		27.6	66.1	[24]
	Blood	Mekelle	16		6.7	6.7		40	60		6.7		13.3		[25]
	Urine	GUH	28	66.7	66.7				50	16.7	50		66.7	100	[27]
	Vaginal swab	FRH	15	73.3	60						20		26.7	73.3	[45]
	Wound	JUSH	30	76.7	20			23.3	66.7	13.3	3.3		0		[28]
	Wound	JUSH	29	100	55			44.8	62	65.5	34		51.7	79	[30]
	Urine	AAML	135	77.8	70.4	45.2	22.9		34.8		50.4		28.1	69.6	[38]
	Urine	GUH	19	100	26.3	36.8			0	0	0		5.3	52.6	[18]
	Urine	StHMC	53	79.2	22.6			71.7	45.3	30.2	54.7		22.6	83	[46]
	Conjunctival swab	West Gojjam	20		15				0	35	0		20	25	[21]
	Pus∗	GGH	17	70.6	58.8	5.9	11.8	29.4	5.9	35.3	29.4	41.2	11.8	41.2	[31]
	Urine	AAHFH	65			21.6			24.6	32.2	56.9		53.8		[44]
P. aeruginosa	Urine	Bahir Dar	8	100	71.4	75					0		0	40	[24]
	Wound	JUSH	74	97.3	87.9			83.3	9.5	74.3	5.4		10.8		[28]
	Ocular swab	JUSH	31		74.2			45.1	19.4	38.7	6.4		0	71	[22]
	Wound	JUSH	11	100	73			100	63.6	82	0		18	82	[30]
	Urine	JUSH	36								0		0		[47]
	Wound	Mekelle	11	100		100			100		81.8	36.4	0		[34]
Pseudomonas spp	Conjunctival swabs	West Gojjam	20		50				15	50	0		0	20	[21]
P. mirabilis	Urine	Bahir Dar	7	85.7	71.4	80					66.7		57.1	57.1	[24]
	Urine	GUH	28	100	100				100	0	100		100	100	[27]
Proteus spp	Wound	JUSH	23	91	39			43	65	30	17		26	74	[30]
	Wound	Mekelle	15	86.7		46.7			73.3		46.7		20		[34]
	Pus∗	GGH	25	68	56	20	12	28	8	36	32	48	32	96	[31]
	Conjunctival swabs	West Gojjam	25		28				0	76	0		8	56	[21]
	Urine	AAHFH	31			19.4			19.4	41.9	45.9		61.3		[44]
P. vulgaris	Urine	Bahir Dar	3	100	66.7	50					33.3		100	100	[24]
Enterobacter spp	Urine	Bahir Dar	3	100	100	100					66.7		50	66.7	[24]
	Conjunctival swabs	West Gojjam	20		30				5	40	0		20	25	[21]
Citrobacter spp	Urine	GUH	28	69.2	38.5				46.2	76.9	53.8		61.5	61.5	[27]
	Wound	JUSH	18	100	100			88.9	16.7	100	11.1		33.3		[28]
	Conjunctival swabs	West Gojjam	20		50				0	50	0		0	10	[21]
Neisseria gonorrhea	Urethral discharge	Gondar Health Center	142	80.3	92.3				4.2	1.4		3.5	14.1	29.6	[48]
	Urethral or endo-cervical swabs	Gambella hospital	21	100					0		28.6			100	[49]
S. Typhimurium	Stool	Addis Ababa	27	22.2	3.7	14.8	0		3.7	0	0		0	11.1	[50]
S. Virchow	Stool	Addis Ababa	21	4.8	0	4.8	0		0	4.8	0		4.8	14.3	[50]
Moraxella spp	Conjunctival swabs	West Gojjam	15		80				40	53.3	40		40	40	[21]

GUH: Gonder University Hospital; StHMC: St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College; AAHFH: Addis Ababa Hamlin fistula hospital; FRH: Felegehiwot Referral Hospital; GGH: Gambo General Hospital Pus∗ = collected from leprosy ulcer