Table 2.

Data summary of patients with TAO and coronary arteries involvement

No	Year	Authors	The number of patients	Age	Chief complaint	Duration of disease (amputation)	Smoking status	How to diagnose the current disease	Suggested treatment	The outcome of treatment
1	2018	Tekin et al (Turkey)35	1	45 years	Acute chest pain	TAO diagnosis 2 years earlier	25 pack/year	Angiography coronary dissection in LAD	Bypass surgery using saphenous vein	Recovery no data about further follow-up
2	2016	Atay et al (Turkey)36	1	26 years	Chest pain and myocardial infarction two times in 1 year	TAO diagnosis before the chest pain confirmed by angiography	Unknown	Coronary angiography 70% stenosis of LAD	Angioplasty with drug-induced stent Balloon angioplasty for in-stent thrombosis and thrombolytic therapy Cilostazol	Stent thrombosis 5 months later No more data about the condition of the patient after balloon angioplasty and receiving Cilostazol
3	2013	Mitropoulos et al (Greece)37	1	52 years	Myocardial infarction	TAO diagnosis 25 years earlier One BK and several minor amputations	Heavy smoker	CT angiography 80–90% stenosis of LAD	Bypass surgery	Recovery and improved ejection fraction after one year follow-up
4	2013	Akyuz et al (Turkey)38	1	43 years	Onset of severe chest pain and loss of consciousness due to inferior and right myocardial infarction	TAO diagnosis 5 years earlier	Unknown	Coronary angiography showed total occlusion of mid-portion LAD and proximal RCA without any flow	Unsuccessful endovascular procedure and because of unstable hemodynamic could not be candidate for bypass surgery Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor	Recovery No data about further follow-up
5	2007	Hsu et al (Taiwan)39	1	32 years	Acute chest tingling for 2 hrs with V1-V6 ST elevation which recovered spontaneously. Also frequent episodes of accelerated idioventricular rhythm	Previous TAO diagnosis with angiography confirmation	Unknown	Coronary angiography 90% stenosis of proximal LAD	Stent implantation	Recovery No data about further follow-up
6	2007	Abe et al (Japan)40	1	38 years	Unknown but coronary angiography was performed during the hospital admission of the patient for ischemic leg pain at rest	TAO diagnosis 13 years earlier	Unknown	Coronary angiography complete occlusion of the middle segment of LAD and corkscrew collaterals and intact right coronary artery supplied blood stream distally	Unknown	Unknown
7	2006	Miranda (Lebanon)41	1	60 years	Non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction and dyspnea after left upper lobe lung resection for non-small-cell lung cancer.	A known case of TAO	Unknown	Coronary angiography showed a 90% stenosis of the distal RCA with distal flow via collaterals Chest CT scan showed thrombosis in the left upper pulmonary vein	RCA stenting Oral anticoagulation	Recovery and complication after 3 months follow-up
8	2005	Hong et al (Chicago, USA)42	1	61 years	Referred for a positive stress test	TAO diagnosis 32 years earlier One BK, one above elbow and several minor amputations	50 pack/year	Coronary angiography No significant narrowing of LAD, the first diagonal artery, there were multiple, sequential, intraluminal filling defects in a beaded pattern. The left circumflex artery had a 40% stenosis in its proximal portion with 2 filling defects at the onset of the first obtuse marginal artery. The right coronary artery had a focal 60% stenosis in its mid portion with an overlying filling defect resulting in a 90% stenosis	Asprin and Warfarin	No change in the angiography after 2 months follow-up
9	2002	Becit et al (Turkey)43	1	36 years	Acute chest pain, palpitation and sweating due to acute anteroapical myocardial infarction	TAO diagnosis 12 years earlier	One pack of cigarette per day for 8 years previous to TAO diagnosis	Coronary angiography revealed total occlusion of the proximal segment of LAD and plaque at RCA. Histology examination of an endarterectomy specimen showed specific feature of TAO	Closed endartrectomy and bypass surgery using saphenous vein and left internal mammary artery	Symptoms free up to 7 months after bypass surgery because of the occlusion of distal bypass graft.
10	2002	Hoppe et al (California, USA)44	1	39 years (woman)	Three-hour of retrosternal chest pain. History of similar episode of chest pain, which resolved spontaneously, 2 weeks earlier	History of TAO diagnosis	Unknown (Smoker)	Coronary angiography a proximally occluded LAD that filled distally via right to left collaterals, a 50% proximal left circumflex coronary and a dominant right coronary artery that had proximal to mid-vessel beaded irregularities The histology examination of the left internal mammary artery confirmed TAO diagnosis	Bypass surgery	Recovery No data about follow-up
11	1997	Francesco Donatelli et al (Italy)45	1	39 years (woman)	Unstable angina History of 2 years epigastric pain of unknown origin and sporadic episodes of typical angina for the past 8 months	TAO diagnosis according to histology examination of internal thoracic artery and excluding other types of vasculitis No more information about the extremities	She had never smoked	Coronary angiography, stenosis of LAD artery and RCA. Histology examination of dissected internal thoracic arteries was compatible with TAO diagnosis.	Bypass surgery of three vessels with saphenous veins Internal thoracic arteries were not suitable for grafting because of diffuse narrowing at the proximal end and occlusion at the distal end. Note: satellite lymph nodes were enlarged.	Recovery and no onset of any angina during 8 months follow-up
12	1993	Mautner et al (New York, USA)46	1	37 years	Prolonged chest pain with T-wave inversion in leads I, aVL, and V4 to V6	TAO diagnosis is unknown because the histology report of coronary arteries during autopsy is more supportive for diffuse atherosclerosis 5 years earlier history of acute femoral artery occlusion and above knee amputation of both legs with one year intervals	One pack of cigarettes for 15 years	Coronary angiography About 75% stenosis of left circumflex coronary artery	Intravenous streptokinase	Death due to mesenteric ischemia
13	1987	Kim et al (Korea)47	1	29 years	Continuous substernal chest pain for 3 days due to anterior myocardial infarction	TAO diagnosis at the time of admission for chest pain confirmed by upper and lower limbs angiography	Unknown	Coronary angiography Segmental occlusion of proximal LAD Complete occlusion of the first diagonal branch of LAD in the distal portion, irregular and tortous contour of RCA without obvious luminal narrowing	Conservative treatment with nitrate, beta blocker and calcium channel blocker	Recovery No data about the duration of follow-up
14	1985	Ohno et al (Japan)48	1	32 years	Severe chest pain at rest for 3 hrs due to acute myocardial infarction	TAO diagnosis 6 years earlier and one BK and one toe amputation during this time	41–60 cigarettes per day for 12 years	Coronary angiography revealed 70% stenosis of RCA and the proximal LAD	Urokinase Discharged with vasodilator and anticoagulant therapy	Recovery (About 1 month follow-up)