Table 3.

Data summary of patients with TAO and cerebral arteries involvement

No	Year	Authors	The number of patients	Age	Chief complaint	Duration of disease (amputation)	Smoking status	How to diagnose the current disease	Suggested treatment	The outcome of treatment
1	2016	Aydin et al (Turkey)49	1	30 years	Acute onset left hemiparesis	TAO diagnosis 8 years earlier Angiography of upper and lower limbs were compatible with TAO diagnosis	Unknown	MRI demonstrated showed infarct of right basal ganglia MRA and MIP of cerebral artery demonstrated segmental occlusions bypassed by collaterals	Unknown	Unknown
2	2013	Akyuz et al (Turkey)38	1	43 years	Blurred consciousness and right hemiplegia and right hemianopsia during hospitalization for myocardial infarction	TAO diagnosis 5 years earlier	Unknown	Cranial CT scan demonstrated left posterior cerebral artery territory infarct	Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor	Fully recovered from hemiplegia and partially recovered from hemianopsia
3	2012	Hurelbrink et al (Australia)51	1	56 years (woman)	Cognitive decline over 18 months started with global aphasia and gradually became dependent for the basic self-care activities. After then her memory and mood were also affected	TAO diagnosis according to the pathology report of white leptomeningeal vessels and excluding other types of vasculitis or hyper- coagulable state responsible for neurological manifestation	25–30 cigarettes per day for more than 30 years	MRI and cerebral angiography demonstrated terminal vessel occlusions associated with widespread proliferation of new vessels	Smoking cessation	Improvement
4	2007	Huang et al (Taiwan)50	1	57 years	Sudden onset right limb numbness and crossed sensory deficit over the left side of his face and right side of his trunk and extremities, a left homonymous hemianopsia and limitation in eye movements.	TAO diagnosis during hospitalization for neurological complaints by excluding other types of vasculitis or hyper-coagulable state and angiography of upper limb	One pack of cigarettes for 42 years	According to neurological exam, diagnosis of left pontine infarct and right occipital infarct was made	Smoking cessation and vasodilators and anti-platelets	Improvement in acrocyanosis but unknown about neurological manifestation
5	2005	No et al (Korea)51	1	29 years	Sudden onset of 20-min episodes of a tingling sensation in his left face, arm and leg during a week. History of hemiparesis 6 years earlier which improved within a week	TAO diagnosis at the time of admission according to clinical manifestation, CT angiography and excluding other types of vasculitis vasculitis or hyper-coagulable state	More than 40 cigarettes a day for 11 years	Brain MRI angiography demonstrated multiple tandem arterial occlusions in the middle cerebral arteries with fine collaterals around the occluded segments	Intravenous prostaglandin E1 following aspirin and Clopidogrel And smoking cessation	Recovery and no recurrence of the symptoms in 1 year follow-up
6	1998	Bischof et al (Germany)52	1	26 years	10-day history of severe left-sided headache and episodes of transient sensorimotor right sided hemiparesis and aphasia which lasted for 20 mins and resolved completely.	TAO diagnosis 2 years earlier according to clinical manifestation, capillaroscopy and ultrasound examination Other types of vasculitis vasculitis or hyper-coagulable state were also excluded.	20 cigarettes a day	Brain MRI demonstrated thrombosis of superior sagittal sinus	Intravenous heparin which changed into oral anticoagulation	Recovery and no relapse within 2 weeks follow-up
7	1995	Dotti et al (Italy)53	1	30 years	Behavioral disturbances with severe cognitive impairment. History of grand-mal-type epileptic seizure at age 17	TAO diagnosis 6 years earlier according to clinical manifestation and angiography and one BK amputation and two finger amputations	Heavy smoker for many years	Digital angiography of the aortic arch and cerebral arteries showed occlusion of the left subclavian meningism and the presence of a corresponding collateral circulation Brain MRI showed mild atrophy of the corpus callosum, diffuse white matter signal alterations suggesting a process of gliosis and a small ischemic lesion of the thalamus	Unknown	Unknown
8	1984	Kessler et al (Germany)54	1	26 years	Right optic neuritis History of major epileptic seizure with left spastic hemiparesis, left hyperesthesia, left hyper-reflexia with a left positive Babinski response 2 months earlier History of left hemiparesis 9 months earlier History of reeling gait and dizziness 1 year earlier History of blured vision of left eye for a few days 2 years earlier	Unknown	40 cigarettes per day from his early youth	Brain CT scan showed small areas of hypodensity CSF examination	Corticosteroid therapy	Improvement
9	1982	Drake (Ohio,USA)55	1	27 years	Onset of right hemipharesis and sensory loss	TAO diagnosis 5 years later according to clinical manifestation, angiography characteristics and normal laboratory tests	50 cigarettes per day for 12 years	Brain CT scan, CSF examination Angiography showed occlusion of posterior cerebral artery	Aspirin Dipyridamole	Some resolution of neurological deficit but relapses as dysarthria and new left-sided weakness 8 months later
10	1981	Biller et al (North Carolina, USA)56	1	33 years (Woman)	Sudden inability to talk and swallow History of left hemiparesis 7 years earlier	TAO diagnosis 6 years earlier confirmed by upper and lower limbs angiography and histology examination of toes and fingers amputations	10 cigarettes a day for many years	Radionuclide brain scan and CT scan showed an area of infarction in the left fronto-opercular area aortocranial arteriography showed exaggerated tapering of the proximal segments of both middle cerebral artery branches, predominantly at the level of the frontal opercula	Unknown	Partial improvement
11	1958	Wolman (UK)57	1	26 years	Pseudobulbar palsy after a severe seizure with gross emotional liability History of series of left sided seizures despite being on anticonvulsant treatment from 1 year earlier.	TAO diagnosis by histology study after autopsy	Unknown	Histology examination of cerebral arteries following autopsy demonstrated TAO characteristics in the right and left middle cerebral arteries and their branches	Anticonvulsant drugs	Death
12	1952	Lippmann (New York, USA)58	1	34 years	Right spastic hemiplegia, motor aphasia, right hemianestlhesia, right central facial palsy and right hyper-reflexia History of right hemiplegia and aphasia for 2 days History of a few days speech deterioration	TAO diagnosis 2 years earlier and one BK amputation	Heavy smoker since early adulthood	According to clinical examination, diagnosis of left middle cerebral artery occlusion	Smoking cessation	No progression in the disease, not in the limbs nor any neurological onset was observed during 31 years follow-up and the patient completely stopped smoking