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Optogenetic tool families. Channelrhodopsins conduct cations and depolarize neurons upon illumination (left). Halorhodopsins conduct chloride ions into the cytoplasm upon yellow light illumination (center). OptoXRs are rhodopsin-GPCR (G protein–coupled receptor) chimeras that respond to green (500 nm) light with activation of the biological functions dictated by the intracellular loops used in the hybrid (right).
