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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Aug 19.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Neurosci. 2011;34:389–412. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113817

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Spectral and kinetic diversification of optogenetic tools. Deactivation time constants (τoff) and approximate peak activation/inactivation wavelengths are shown for blue light–activated opsins, blue ChETAs (including E123T/T159C) (Berndt et al. 2011, Mattis et al. 2011), red-shifted opsins, red-shifted ChETAs, bistable (SFO) opsins, and modulatory/inhibitory tools in a compact look-up table. ChR2 is listed among the bistable group for scale purposes only. Where precise values are not available, decay kinetics were measured (courtesy of J. Mattis, personal communication) or estimated from published traces; all values were recorded at room temperature (except for optoXRs measured at 37°C), with substantial acceleration in kinetics (∼50%) expected for all at 37°C.