4. Descriptive analyses of reported outcomes for self‐monitoring interventions.
| Outcome Study ID | Outcome measure | Study population (No. of participants); study duration | Results | |
| Behavioural | ||||
| Attitudes towards performing a behaviour Welch 2013 |
Perceived benefits of fluid adherence Higher score indicates more perceived benefits |
Adults, HD (33); 6 weeks | Intervention: mean 39.8 (SD 4.5) Control: mean 40.1 (SD 4.9) P = 0.28 |
|
| Perceived benefits of sodium adherence Welch 2013 |
Benefits of sodium adherence Higher score indicates higher perceived benefits |
Adults, HD (35); 6 weeks | Intervention: mean 29.9 (SD 4.4) Control: mean 30.3 (SD 4.2) P = 0.77 |
|
| Perceived control Welch 2013 |
7‐item mastery scale Higher score indicates higher perceived control |
Adults, HD (35); 6 weeks | Intervention: mean 28.5 (SD 4.9) Control: mean 23.6 (SD 14.3) P > 0.1 |
|
| Self‐efficacy (diet) Welch 2013 |
Cardiac diet self‐efficacy instrument Higher score indicates higher self‐efficacy |
Adults, HD (35); 6 weeks | Intervention: mean 32.7 (SD 10.1) Control: mean 31.1 (SD 10.2) P = 0.4 |
|
| Self‐efficacy (fluid) Welch 2013 |
Fluid Self‐Efficacy Scale Higher score indicates higher self‐efficacy |
Adults, HD (36); 6 weeks | Intervention: mean 41.4 (SD 5.8) Control: mean 43.9 (SD 6.4) P = 0.21 |
|
| Biochemical parameters | ||||
| Kidney function Kullgren 2015 |
Serum creatinine | Children, kidney transplant recipients (31); 4 weeks | Intervention: mean 16.8 (SD 21.2) Control: mean 11 (SD 15.2) P = 0.53 |
|
| Kidney function Rifkin 2013 |
Serum creatinine | CKD stage 3 or greater (43); 6 months | Intervention: mean 2.17 (SD 0.76) Control: mean 2.32 (SD 0.84) P = 0.12 |
|
| Serum sodium Kullgren 2015 |
% change in serum sodium | Children, kidney transplant recipients (31); 4 weeks | Intervention: median 0 (range ‐4.86 to 1.45) Control: median ‐0.72 (range ‐3.52 to 2.19) P = 0.29 |
|
| Urea Nitrogen Kullgren 2015 |
% change in blood urea nitrogen | Children, kidney transplant recipients (31); 4 weeks | Intervention: median ‐2.38 (range ‐36.84 to 61.54) Control: median 4.56 (range ‐31.25 to 107.33) P = 0.78 |
|
| Blood pressure | ||||
| Blood pressure control Rifkin 2013 |
Mean arterial pressure | CKD stage 3 or greater (43); 6 months | Intervention: mean 93.9 (SD 8.6) Control: mean 95.2 (SD 11.7) P = 0.67 |
|
| Diastolic blood pressure Rifkin 2013 |
Higher readings indicate poorer control | CKD stage 3 or greater (43); 6 months | Intervention: mean 73 (SD 10.3) Control: mean 73 (SD 12.6) P = 0.93 |
|
| Diastolic blood pressure Schulz 2007 |
Higher readings indicate poorer control | Adults, HD (101); 3 months | Intervention: mean 66.9 (SD 8.7) Control: mean 65 (SD 8.8) P < 0.05 |
|
| Management of hypertension Rifkin 2013 |
Number of anti‐hypertensive medications | CKD stage 3 or greater (43); 6 months | Intervention: mean 4 (SD 1.2) Control: mean 3.9 (SD 1.3) P = 0.61 |
|
| Systolic blood pressure Rifkin 2013 |
Higher readings indicate poorer control | CKD stage 3 or greater (43); 6 months | Intervention: mean 136 (SD 15.6) Control: mean 140 (SD 14.4) P = 0.48 |
|
| Systolic blood pressure Schulz 2007 |
Higher readings indicate poorer control | Adults, HD (101); 3 months | Intervention: mean 116 (SD 17) Control: mean 17.9 (SD 19.5) P = NS |
|
| Clinical end‐points | ||||
| Hospitalisations Schulz 2007 |
Unplanned admission rates to hospital or ED | Adults, HD (101); 3 months | Intervention: mean 2.2 (SD 5.5) Control: mean 3.31 (SD 7.3) |
|
| Medication usage Rifkin 2013 |
Total number of medications | CKD stage 3 or greater (43); 6 months | Intervention: mean 12 (SD 4.6) Control: mean 12.8 (SD 5.1) P = 0.62 |
|
| Sleep duration (minutes) Williams 2017 |
Fitbit Flex activity tracker | Adults, HD (29); 5 weeks | Intervention: mean 389.9 (SD 69.6) Control: mean 349.8 (SD 80.0) P = NS |
|
| Sleep efficiency (%) Williams 2017 |
Fitbit Flex activity tracker | Adults, HD (29); 5 weeks | Intervention: mean 86.1 (SD 4.6) Control: mean 80.3 (SD 7.1) P < 0.05 |
|
| Ultrafiltration Schulz 2007 |
mL/hour during dialysis, weekly average | Adults, HD (101); 3 months | Intervention: mean 621.6 (SD 169.7 mL/hour) Control: mean 652.5 (SD 198.6 mL/hour) P = 0.712 |
|
| Dietary intake | ||||
| Fluid intake Kullgren 2015 |
3‐day fluid log through electronic water bottle | Children, kidney transplant recipients (32); 4 weeks | Unadjusted OR 12.25 (95% CI 1.08 to 138.99) P = 0.043 Intervention group significantly improved. |
|
| Medication adherence | ||||
| Medication adherence Rifkin 2013 |
Morisky Medication Adherence Scale Higher scores indicate better adherence |
CKD stage 3 or greater (43); 6 months | Intervention: mean 7 (SD 1.2) Control: mean 7.2 (SD 1.4) P = 0.58 |
|
| Physical activity | ||||
| Physical activity, distance (km) Williams 2017 |
FitBit Flex activity tracker | Adults, HD (29); 5 weeks | Intervention: mean 2.3 (SD 1.2) Control: mean 2.2 (SD 0.8) P = NS |
|
| Physical activity (steps) Williams 2017 |
FitBit Flex activity tracker | Adults, HD (29); 5 weeks | Intervention: mean 5365 (SD 2765) Control: mean 5211 (SD 2010) P = NS |
|
CKD ‐ chronic kidney disease; HD ‐ haemodialysis; NS ‐ not significant; OR ‐ Odds ratio; SD ‐ standard deviation