Table 1.
Characteristics of PLWH on cART versus those who are cART‐naïve
| Characteristics |
PLWH on cART N = 250 |
PLWH cART‐naive N = 201 |
P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean ± SD | 45.7 ± 8.6 | 42.9 ± 8.8 | 0.0006 |
| Female, n (%) | 203 (81.2) | 164 (81.6) | 0.92 |
| Location of residence | |||
| Urban | 169 (67.6) | 153 (76.5) | 0.01 |
| Semi‐urban | 17 (6.8) | 3 (1.5) | |
| Rural | 64 (25.6) | 44 (22.0) | |
| Educational level | |||
| None | 69 (27.6) | 54 (27.1) | 0.06 |
| Primary | 100 (40.0) | 58 (29.1) | |
| Secondary | 67 (26.8) | 72 (36.2) | |
| Tertiary | 14 (5.6) | 15 (7.6) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Never married | 19 (7.6) | 26 (13.0) | 0.054 |
| Married | 122 (48.8) | 105 (52.8) | |
| Divorced/separated | 52 (20.8) | 39 (19.6) | |
| Widow | 57 (22.8) | 29 (14.6) | |
| Monthly income | |||
| >1000 GHs | 42 (16.8) | 30 (14.9) | <0.0001 |
| 500‐1000 GHs | 88 (35.2) | 51 (25.4) | |
| 100‐499 GHs | 77 (30.8) | 74 (36.8) | |
| <100 GHs | 7 (2.8) | 27 (13.4) | |
| Don't know | 36 (14.4) | 19 (9.5) | |
| Duration of HIV diagnosis (years), mean ± SD | 8. 6 ± 4.4 | 1.3 ± 2.5 | <0.0001 |
| Smoking | |||
| No smoking | 3 (1.2) | 1 (0.5) | 0.70 |
| Previous smoking | 14 (5.6) | 10 (5.0) | |
| Current smoking | 233 (93.2) | 190 (94.5) | |
| Current alcohol use | 20 (8.0) | 17 (8.5) | 0.86 |
| Fruit intake | |||
| 0 serving/d | 15 (6.0) | 8 (4.0) | 0.001 |
| 1‐3 servings/d | 89 (35.9) | 106 (53.3) | |
| 4‐7 servings/d | 144 (58.1) | 85 (42.7) | |
| Vegetable intake | |||
| 0‐1 servings | 67 (27.0) | 60 (30.2) | <0.0001 |
| 2 servings | 134 (54.0) | 63 (31.7) | |
| ≥3 servings | 47 (19.0) | 76 (38.1) | |
| Salt at table | |||
| Never | 170 (68.5) | 139 (69.9) | 0.90 |
| Occasional | 17 (6.9) | 11 (5.5) | |
| Sometimes | 39 (15.7) | 29 (14.5) | |
| Always | 22 (8.9) | 20 (10.1) | |
| Physical activity, n (%) | 95 (38.0) | 45 (22.4) | 0.0004 |
| CD4 count, nadir | 237.3 ± 210.8 | 320.7 ± 278.6 | 0.0004 |
| CD4 count, current | 641.9 ± 331.5 | 320.7 ± 278.6 | <0.0001 |
| Clinical stage at diagnosis | |||
| 1 | 73 (30.3) | 54 (27.3) | 0.006 |
| 2 | 52 (21.6) | 54 (27.3) | |
| 3 | 91 (37.8) | 85 (42.9) | |
| 4 | 25 (10.3) | 5 (2.5) | |
| Systolic BP, mean ± SD | 127.4 ± 23.6 | 115.2 ± 22.8 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic BP, mean ± SD | 79.1 ± 13.5 | 76.2 ± 14.3 | 0.02 |
| Blood pressure categories | |||
| SBP < 120 mm Hg and/or DBP < 80 mm Hg | 103 (41.4) | 118 (58.7) | 0.0003 |
| SBP 120‐139 and/or DBP 80‐89 mm Hg | 78 (31.3) | 56 (27.9) | |
| SBP 140‐159 and/or DBP 90‐99 mm Hg | 39 (15.7) | 19 (9.4) | |
| SBP ≥ 160 and/or DBP ≥ 100 mm Hg | 29 (11.6) | 8 (4.0) | |
| Proportion with hypertension, n (%) | 92 (36.9) | 47 (23.4) | 0.002 |
| Proportion of HPT on Rx, n (%) | 37 (40.2) | 21 (44.7) | 0.61 |
| Proportion controlled on HPT Rx, n (%) | 11 (29.7) | 9 (42.9) | 0.31 |
| Total cholesterol, mean ± SD | 4.96 ± 1.32 | 5.39 ± 1.42 | 0.0009 |
| LDL cholesterol, mean ± SD | 3.04 ± 1.05 | 3.30 ± 1.03 | 0.01 |
| HDL cholesterol, mean ± SD | 1.28 ± 0.49 | 1.40 ± 0.49 | 0.01 |
| Triglyceride, mean ± SD | 1.43 ± 0.95 | 1.49 ± 1.17 | 0.53 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 198 (79.2) | 167 (83.1) | 0.30 |
| Raised total cholesterol, n (%) | 108 (43.2) | 112 (55.7) | 0.008 |
| Raised LDL cholesterol, n (%) | 94 (37.6) | 91 (45.3) | 0.10 |
| Low HDL cholesterol, n (%) | 82 (32.8) | 45 (22.4) | 0.01 |
| Raised triglyceride, n (%) | 62 (24.8) | 57 (28.4) | 0.39 |
| Body mass index, mean ± SD | 27.1 ± 5.5 | 24.5 ± 5.1 | <0.0001 |
| BMI cutoff | |||
| <18.5 kg/m2 | 6 (2.4) | 17 (8.5) | 0.0009 |
| 18.5‐24.9 kg/m2 | 99 (40.1) | 99 (49.3) | |
| 25.0‐29.9 kg/m2 | 75 (30.4) | 52 (25.9) | |
| >30.0 kg/m2 | 67 (27.1) | 33 (16.4) | |
| Waist‐to‐hip ratio, mean ± SD | 0.88 ± 0.09 | 0.88 ± 0.07 | 0.55 |
| Raised WHR | 154 (61.6) | 134 (66.7) | 0.27 |
| eGFR, mean ± SD | 84.7 ± 10.6 | 84.7 ± 11.5 | 0.99 |