Table 2.
Characteristics of PLWH with hypertension compared with those without hypertension
| Characteristics |
PLWH with hypertension N = 139 |
PLWH without hypertension N = 312 |
Total N = 451 |
P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean ± SD | 48.1 ± 8.5 | 42.8 ± 8.4 | 44.5 ± 8.8 | <0.0001 |
| Female, n (%) | 109 (78.4) | 258 (82.7) | 367 (81.4) | 0.28 |
| Location of residence | ||||
| Urban | 101 (72.7) | 221 (71.1) | 322 (71.6) | 0.52 |
| Semi‐urban | 8 (5.8) | 12 (3.9) | 20 (4.4) | |
| Rural | 30 (21.5) | 78 (25.0) | 108 (24.0) | |
| Educational level | ||||
| None | 41 (29.5) | 82 (26.5) | 123 (27.4) | 0.13 |
| Primary | 56 (40.3) | 102 (32.9) | 158 (35.2) | |
| Secondary | 37 (26.6) | 102 (32.9) | 139 (31.0) | |
| Tertiary | 5 (3.6) | 24 (7.7) | 29 (6.5) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Never married | 11 (7.9) | 34 (11.0) | 45 (10.0) | 0.04 |
| Married | 60 (43.2) | 167 (53.9) | 227 (50.6) | |
| Divorced/separated | 37 (26.6) | 54 (17.4) | 91 (20.3) | |
| Widow | 31 (22.3) | 55 (17.7) | 86 (19.2) | |
| Monthly income | ||||
| >1000 GHs | 22 (16.3) | 50 (16.2) | 75 (16.8) | 0.62 |
| 500‐1000 GHs | 42 (31.1) | 97 (31.4) | 139 (31.1) | |
| 100‐499 | 51 (37.8) | 100 (32.4) | 151 (33.8) | |
| <100 | 7 (5.2) | 27 (8.7) | 34 (7.6) | |
| Don't know | 13 (9.6) | 35 (11.3) | 48 (10.7) | |
| Smoking | ||||
| No smoking | 131 (94.2) | 288 (92.3) | 419 (92.9) | 0.39 |
| Previous smoking | 8 (5.8) | 20 (6.4) | 28 (6.2) | |
| Current smoking | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.3) | 4 (0.9) | |
| Current alcohol use | 11 (7.9) | 26 (8.3) | 37 (8.2) | 0.88 |
| Fruit intake | ||||
| 0 serving/d | 8 (5.8) | 15 (4.8) | 23 (5.1) | 0.71 |
| 1‐3 servings/d | 56 (40.9) | 139 (44.8) | 195 (43.6) | |
| 4‐7 servings/d | 73 (53.3) | 156 (50.3) | 229 (51.2) | |
| Vegetable intake | ||||
| 0‐1 servings | 41 (29.9) | 86 (27.7) | 127 (28.4) | 0.89 |
| 2 servings | 59 (43.1) | 138 (44.5) | 197 (44.1) | |
| ≥3 servings | 37 (27.0) | 86 (27.7) | 123 (27.5) | |
| Salt at table | ||||
| Never | 91 (66.4) | 218 (70.3) | 309 (69.1) | 0.41 |
| Occasional | 12 (8.8) | 16 (5.2) | 28 (6.3) | |
| Sometimes | 23 (16.8) | 45 (14.5) | 68 (15.2) | |
| Always | 11 (8.0) | 31 (10.0) | 42 (9.4) | |
| Physical activity, n (%) | 44 (31.7) | 96 (30.8) | 140 (31.0) | 0.85 |
| cART use | ||||
| Yes | 92 (66.2) | 158 (50.6) | 250 (55.4) | 0.002 |
| No | 47 (33.8) | 154 (49.4) | 201 (44.6) | |
| Duration of HIV diagnosis, mean ± SD | 6.4 ± 5.6 | 4.7 ± 4.9 | 5.2 ± 5.2 | 0.002 |
| CD4 count, nadir | 302.7 ± 261.0 | 261.9 ± 239.1 | 274.4 ± 246.5 | 0.11 |
| CD4 count, current | 534.8 ± 336.6 | 484.5 ± 350.2 | 499.8 ± 346.5 | 0.16 |
| Clinical stage at diagnosis | ||||
| 1 | 40 (29.6) | 87 (28.6) | 127 (28.9) | 0.57 |
| 2 | 34 (25.2) | 72 (23.7) | 106 (24.1) | |
| 3 | 49 (36.3) | 127 (41.8) | 176 (40.1) | |
| 4 | 12 (8.9) | 18 (5.9) | 30 (6.8) | |
| Total cholesterol, mean ± SD | 4.8 ± 1.3 | 5.3 ± 1.4 | 5.1 ± 1.4 | 0.0003 |
| LDL cholesterol, mean ± SD | 3.05 ± 1.07 | 3.20 ± 1.04 | 3.16 ± 1.05 | 0.16 |
| HDL cholesterol, mean ± SD | 1.32 ± 0.48 | 1.34 ± 0.50 | 1.34 ± 0.49 | 0.59 |
| Triglyceride, mean ± SD | 1.34 ± 1.07 | 1.51 ± 1.04 | 1.46 ± 1.05 | 0.10 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 113 (81.3) | 252 (80.8) | 365 (80.9) | 0.90 |
| Raised total cholesterol, n (%) | 55 (39.6) | 165 (52.9) | 220 (48.8) | 0.009 |
| Raised LDL cholesterol, n (%) | 52 (37.4) | 133 (42.6) | 185 (41.0) | 0.30 |
| Low HDL cholesterol, n (%) | 45 (32.4) | 82 (26.3) | 127 (28.2) | 0.18 |
| Raised triglyceride, n (%) | 24 (17.3) | 95 (30.5) | 119 (26.4) | 0.003 |
| Body mass index, mean ± SD | 27.6 ± 5.3 | 25.2 ± 5.4 | 25.9 ± 5.5 | <0.0001 |
| BMI cutoff | ||||
| <18.5 kg/m2 | 2 (1.4) | 21 (6.8) | 23 (5.1) | 0.0002 |
| 18.5‐24.9 kg/m2 | 48 (34.8) | 150 (48.4) | 198 (44.2) | |
| 25.0‐29.9 kg/m2 | 43 (31.2) | 84 (27.1) | 127 (28.3) | |
| >30.0 kg/m2 | 45 (32.6) | 55 (17.7) | 100 (22.3) | |
| Waist‐to‐hip ratio, mean ± SD | 0.90 ± 0.07 | 0.87 ± 0.08 | 0.88 ± 0.08 | 0.0009 |
| Raised WHR | 98 (70.5) | 190 (60.9) | 288 (63.9) | 0.05 |
| eGFR, mean ± SD | 85.7 ± 9.0 | 84.2 ± 11.7 | 84.7 ± 11.0 | 0.18 |