Table 2.
Odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios of factors associated with opioid use, NHANES 2011–2014
| Unadjusted Comparison of Those Who Used vs Those Who Did Not Use | Adjusted Comparison of Those Who Used vs Those Who Did Not Use | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P | AOR | 95% CI | P | |
| Age, y | ||||||
| 16–19 | 1.0 | Ref. | - | 1.0 | Ref. | - |
| 20–39 | 2.1 | 1.2–3.6 | ≤0.05 | 2.2 | 1.2–3.8 | ≤0.01 |
| 40–59 | 4.4 | 2.5–7.5 | ≤0.001 | 4.4 | 2.5–7.5 | ≤0.001 |
| 60+ | 4.5 | 2.6–7.7 | ≤0.001 | 4.1 | 2.4–7.2 | ≤0.001 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Men | 1.0 | Ref. | - | 1.0 | Ref. | - |
| Women | 1.2 | 1.0–1.5 | ≤0.05 | 1.2 | 1.0–1.4 | >0.05 |
| Race/Hispanic origin* | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1.0 | Ref. | - | 1.0 | Ref. | - |
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.9 | 0.8–1.1 | >0.05 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.4 | >0.05 |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 0.2 | 0.1–0.3 | ≤0.001 | 0.2 | 0.1–0.4 | ≤0.001 |
| Hispanic | 0.5 | 0.4–0.7 | ≤0.001 | 0.7 | 0.5–1.0 | ≤0.05 |
| Health insurance status | ||||||
| Does not have insurance | 1.0 | Ref. | - | 1.0 | Ref. | - |
| Has insurance | 1.9 | 1.4–2.6 | ≤0.001 | 1.5 | 1.1–2.0 | ≤0.05 |
| Self-rated health | ||||||
| Excellent/very good/good | 1.0 | Ref. | - | 1.0 | Ref. | - |
| Fair/poor | 3.7 | 2.9–4.6 | ≤0.001 | 3.7 | 2.9–4.7 | ≤0.001 |
| Pain (past 30 d)† | ||||||
| 0 d | 1.0 | Ref. | - | 1.0 | Ref. | - |
| 1–13 d | 3.2 | 2.3–4.5 | ≤0.001 | 3.2 | 2.3–4.6 | ≤0.001 |
| 14–29 d | 14.3 | 8.2–24.9 | ≤0.001 | 14.2 | 8.3–24.4 | ≤0.001 |
| 30 d | 26.3 | 18.1–38.2 | ≤0.001 | 26.6 | 17.9–39.5 | ≤0.001 |
| Anxiety (past 30 d)† | ||||||
| 0 d | 1.0 | Ref. | - | 1.0 | Ref. | - |
| 1–13 d | 1.5 | 1.2–2.0 | ≤0.01 | 1.6 | 1.2–2.1 | ≤0.01 |
| 14–29 d | 3.2 | 2.0–5.0 | ≤0.001 | 3.3 | 2.1–5.2 | ≤0.001 |
| 30 d | 3.1 | 2.0–4.9 | ≤0.001 | 3.3 | 2.1–5.2 | ≤0.001 |
| Depression (past 2 wk) | ||||||
| 0–9 (not depressed) | 1.0 | Ref. | - | 1.0 | Ref. | - |
| 10+ (depressed) | 3.8 | 2.7–5.5 | ≤0.001 | 4.0 | 2.8–5.7 | ≤0.001 |
| No. of nonopioid prescription medications (past 30 d)‡ | ||||||
| 0 | 1.0 | Ref. | - | 1.0 | Ref. | - |
| 1–3 | 3.8 | 2.6–5.6 | ≤0.001 | 4.2 | 2.9–6.1 | ≤0.001 |
| 4–6 | 7.5 | 5.1–10.9 | ≤0.001 | 9.1 | 6.3–13.1 | ≤0.001 |
| 7+ | 16.5 | 11.0–24.7 | ≤0.001 | 20.8 | 13.8–31.5 | ≤0.001 |
| Used at least 1 benzodiazepine (past 30 d) | 6.5 | 4.8–8.8 | ≤0.001 | 5.6 | 4.1–7.7 | ≤0.001 |
| Used at least 1 antidepressant (past 30 d) | 4.0 | 3.4–4.8 | ≤0.001 | 3.5 | 2.9–4.1 | ≤0.001 |
| Current drinking status§ | ||||||
| Nondrinker | 1.0 | Ref. | - | 1.0 | Ref. | - |
| Light drinker | 0.7 | 0.6–0.9 | ≤0.01 | 0.8 | 0.7–1.0 | ≤0.05 |
| Moderate drinker | 0.5 | 0.3–0.6 | ≤0.001 | 0.5 | 0.3–0.7 | ≤0.01 |
| Heavy drinker | 0.8 | 0.4–1.4 | >0.05 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.5 | >0.05 |
| Illicit drug use (past 6 mo)¶ | 1.9 | 1.3–2.9 | ≤0.01 | 2.4 | 1.6–3.7 | ≤0.001 |
Exam sample weights were utilized to adjust for differential probabilities of selection and the complex sampling design. Percentages do not sum to 100 due to rounding. Respondents were asked, “In the past 30 days, have you used or taken medication for which a prescription is needed?” Adjusted models include respondents’ age (continuous), sex (dichotomous), race/Hispanic origin (categorical), and health insurance status (dichotomous).
CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.
Estimates for persons of other race/Hispanic origin groups are not provided separately, but members of this group are included in total estimates.
Question only asked in 2011–2012.
Benzodiazepine and antidepressant prescription medications were included in this count.
Nondrinker (0 drinks in past year, includes former drinkers and abstainers); light drinker (average of 3 or fewer drinks per week); moderate drinker (average of 4–14 drinks per week for men; average of 4–7 drinks per week for women); heavy drinker (average of 15 or more drinks per week for men; average of 8 or more drinks per week for women). These questions were only asked of respondents aged 18 years and older.
Using cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, and/or other injected drugs not prescribed by a doctor in the past six months. Questions about illicit drug use were only asked of respondents aged 16–59 years.