Table 2.

Documented instances of measurement error using connected devices

Specialty	Clinical problem	Device/Instrument	Source
Rehabilitation medicine	Ambulation exercise tolerance	Accelerometer	Yang Y, Schumann M, Le S, Cheng S. PeerJ. 2018;6:e5775.
Orthopedics	Range of motion	Digitized protractor/goniometer	Awatani T, Enoki T, Morikita I. J Phys Ther Sci. 2017;29(10):1869–73.
Occupational health	Pneumoconioses	Environmental monitor	de Nazelle A, Seto E, Donaire-Gonzalez D, Mendez M, Matamala J, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, et al. Environ Pollut. 2013;176:92–9.
Cardiology	Hypertension ischemic heart disease	Smartphone sphygmomanometer	Lee ES, Lee JS, Joo MC, Kim JH, Noh SE. Ann Rehabil Med. 2017;41(1):129–37.
Infection disease	Microbial outbreaks	Crowdsensors	Edoh T. J Med Syst. 2018;42(5):91.
Neurology	Gait abnormality Parkinson’s disease	Smartphone gyroscope	Ellis RJ, Ng YS, Zhu S, Tan DM, Anderson B, Schlaug G, et al. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0141694.
Otolaryngology	Hearing loss	Ambient sonography	Ventura R, Mallet V, Issarny V, Raverdy PG, Rebhi F. J Acoust Soc Am. 2017;142(5):3084.
Endocrinology	Prediabetes diabetes	Glucometer	Vettoretti M, Facchinetti A, Sparacino G, Cobelli C. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2015;2015:2359–62.
Opthalmology	Physical examination	Optical biometer	Rozema JJ, Wouters K, Mathysen DG, Tassignon MJ. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014;158(6):1111–20 e1.