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. 2019 Aug 19;9:12000. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48352-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Biomarkers for PPI-associated dysbiosis predict liver-related three-year mortality. Kaplan-Meier curves for three-year survival according to PPI use and dysbiosis defined by (a) Veillonella parvula abundance and (b) Streptococcus salivarius. Patients at risk are given along the curves; patients at risk without PPI use are given in grey numbers; patients at risk with PPI without dysbiosis are given in black above the curve; patients at risk with PPI and dysbiosis are given in black below the curve; **p < 0.01 compared to patients without PPI.