Table 2.
Hazard ratios (liver-related three-year mortality) for PPI-associated dysbiosis adjusted for liver disease by multivariate Cox-Regression.
| Biomarkers | Hazard ratio | 95% CI | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1: Liver function and Veillonella parvula dysbiosis | |||
| Child-Pugh score | 3.2 | 1.2–8.3 | 0.018 |
| MELD score | 0.8 | 0.5–1.1 | 0.167 |
| PPI use with Veillonella parvula dysbiosis | 14.6 | 1.7–122.2 | 0.013 |
| PPI use without Veillonella parvula dysbiosis | 4.1 | 0.4–47.2 | 0.263 |
| Model 2: Liver function and Streptococcus salivarius dysbiosis | |||
| Child-Pugh score | 2.4 | 1.1–5.6 | 0.035 |
| MELD score | 0.9 | 0.6–1.2 | 0.350 |
| PPI use with Streptococcus salivarius dysbiosis | 10.7 | 1.3–89.3 | 0.029 |
| PPI use without Streptococcus salivarius dysbiosis | 6.8 | 0.6–77.2 | 0.120 |
| Model 3: Liver function and Streptococcus (genus) dysbiosis | |||
| Child-Pugh score | 3.0 | 1.2–7.8 | 0.022 |
| MELD score | 0.8 | 0.6–1.1 | 0.213 |
| PPI use with Streptococcus (genus) dysbiosis | 6.5 | 0.7–58.2 | 0.092 |
| PPI use without Streptococcus (genus) dysbiosis | 18.6 | 2.0–174.5 | 0.011 |
CI: confidence interval; MELD: model of end stage liver disease; PPI: proton pump inhibitor.