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. 2019 Aug 19;9:12074. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48477-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Diversity of As biotransformation by freshwater phytoplankton. All of the six-freshwater phytoplankton tested converted As^V into As^III at the logarithmic growth phase. However, the phytoplankton could be grouped into the following three groups based on their As biotransformation ability at the stationary growth phase. Group 1: B. braunii and S. paradoxum converted As^III into As^V; Group 2: S. actus and P. duplex maintained As^V in their cells; and Group 3: A. minutissium and C. aciculare converted iAs into methylarsenic species.