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. 2019 Aug 19;9:12074. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48477-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Conceptual model of As metabolism in freshwater phytoplankton. Arsenic resistance in this study depended on the kinds of freshwater phytoplankton considered. In the logarithmic growth phase, freshwater phytoplankton took arsenate into their cells and reduced it to arsenite. In the stationary phase, freshwater phytoplankton transformed the chemical forms of the arsenic in the surrounding environment, and then released it from their cells rapidly. The arsenic resistance of freshwater phytoplankton has an interactive relationship with the changing availability of different arsenic species in the hydrosphere.