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. 2019 Aug 19;9:12040. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48475-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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AuNPs synthesized by the cell culture (ccAuNPs) has cytotoxicity and immune reactivity comparable to those synthesized by chemical synthesis, citrate reduction (csAuNPs). (A) Cell death induced due to the toxicity of ccAuNPs on HEp-2 cells. (B) Cell death induced due to the toxicity of csAuNPs, plotted as percentage of cell viability against the concentrations of nanoparticles used. (C) Cell death in 4T-1 cells exposed to ccAuNPs. (D) Cell death in 4T-1 cells exposed to csAuNPs. (E) Serum levels of cytokines: IL-2, IL-4, IGF-1, GMCSF, Rantes, MCP-1, EGF and VEGF in mice following exposure of csAuNPs (orange bar), ccAuNPs (green bar) and control (no nanoparticles, purple bar). The variations between groups are statistically not significant (t-test; p > 0.05).