Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2019 Aug 8;178(4):901–918.e16. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.029

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2019 Medical Research Council on behalf of UKRI and Imperial College London

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Figure S2 — Functional Validation of transformer (tra) Knockout, Knockin, Gain-of-Function and RNAi Lines, Related to Figure 2

(A) Sex transformations induced by whole-body tra knockout (tra^KO) and whole-body tra^F knockin gain-of-function (tra^{F K-IN}). Female mutants lacking tra display masculinised appearance and are referred to as “pseudomales.” Male expressing tra display a feminised appearance and are referred to as “pseudofemales.”

(B) RT-qPCR expression data for the male-specific doublesex (dsx) and fruitless (fru) transcripts in male (M) and female (F) control flies, flies with whole-body tra knockout (tra^KO) or flies with whole-body tra^F knockin gain-of-function (tra^{F K-IN}) relative to controls.

(C) Sex transformations induced by whole-body transformer 2 (tra2) null mutations (tra2¹/Df(2R)^trix). Female mutants lacking tra2 display masculinised pseudomale appearance.

(D) RT-qPCR expression data for the male-specific dsx and fru transcripts in male (M) and female (F) control flies, and in flies harboring a whole-body tra2 null mutation relative to controls.

(E) Sex transformations induced by whole-body tra knockdown (daughterless (da) > tra^RNAi). Females with da-Gal4-driven tra knockdown display masculinised pseudomale appearance.

(F) RT-qPCR expression data for the female-specific tra transcript in male (M) and female (F) control flies and flies following whole-body tra knockdown (Actin 5C (Act5C) > tra^RNAi).

(G) RT-qPCR expression data for a set of midgut-specific sugar genes (indicated at the top of the graph) in flies with whole-body tra knockdown (Act5C > tra^RNAi). Act5C-Gal4-driven tra knockdown masculinises the intestinal sugar gene expression of females.

(H) Sex transformations induced by Act5C-Gal4 driven tra knockout (Act5C > flippase (flp),tra^FRT). Females with Act5C-Gal4-driven tra knockout display masculinised pseudomale appearance.

(I) RT-qPCR expression data for a set of midgut-specific sugar genes (indicated at the top of the graph) in flies with whole-body tra knockout (tra^KO,da > ) and with whole-body tra knockout rescued by ubiquitous tra^F expression (tra^KO,da > tra^F). Ubiquitous tra^F re-introduction in tra whole-body mutants (tra^KO,da > tra^F) restores the feminised intestinal sugar gene expression of whole body tra mutant females (tra^KO,da > ) to wild-type female-like levels (tra^KO,da > control).

In all panels, n denotes the number of group of flies analyzed for each genotype (each group consisting of 20 flies). Asterisks highlighting significant comparisons across sexes are displayed in gray boxes at the bottom of the graphs. See Table S4 for a list of full genotypes.