Table 2.
The effect of intestinal microenvironmental conditioning factors on DCs and their related populations.
| Conditioning factors | Target cells | Receptors | Conditioned cell-derived factors | Induction of effector cells | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LIVE BACTERIA | |||||
| Enterobactor spp. | PP cDC | (Phagocytosis) | Not determined | lgA+ B cells | (13) |
| Alcaligenes spp. | PP cDC | (Phagocytosis) | BAFF, IL-6, TGF-β | lgA+ B cells | (69) |
| BACTERIAL PRODUCTS | |||||
| Polysaccharide A | Mo-DC | TLR2 | iNOS | Th1 | (68) |
| Polysaccharide A | BM pDC | TLR2 | MHCII, ICOSL, CD86 | Treg | (70) |
| Butyrate | Mo-DC | GPR109A | Retinoic acid | Treg, Tr1 | (71) |
| Acetate | Mo-DC | GPR43 | Retinoic acid | lgA+ B cells | (72) |
| LactateIPyruvate | LP MP | GPR31 | Not determined | (Dendrite protrusion) | (73) |
| iEC-DERIVED FACTORS | |||||
| Wnt | LP cDC | Frizzeld | Retinoic acid | Treg | (74) |
| LP MP | IL-10, TGF-β | ||||
| Mucus | LP cDC | Galectin-3-Dectin-1-FcγRIIB -complex | Retinoic acid IL-10, TGF-β | Treg | (75) |
| Serum amyloid A | LP cDC | CD36 | IL-6, IL-23 | Th17 | (76) |
| SC-DERIVED FACTORS | |||||
| IFN-α/IFN-β | PP/MLN | IFNAR1/IFNAR2 | BAFF, APRIL | lgA+ B cells | (33) |
| pDC | |||||
BM, bone marrow; GPR, G-protein-coupled receptor; iEC, intestinal epithelial cells; LP, lamina propria; MLN, mesenteric lymph node; Mo-DC; monocyte-derived DC; MP, macrophages; PP, Peyer's patch; SC, stromal cells; TLR, Toll-like receptor.