Table 2.
Plasma cytokine concentrations in HCV infected individuals with minimal or advanced liver fibrosis before and after direct-acting antiviral therapy.
| Baseline | 24 weeks post-SVR | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controla (n = 4) |
All HCV+ vs. Ctl (P-value)b |
HCV+ (F0-1) (n = 8) |
HCV+ (F4) (n = 4) |
HCV+ F0-1 vs. F4 (P-value) |
HCV+ (F0-1) 24 weeks post-SVR |
F0-1 Δrel.f to baseline (P-value) |
HCV+(F4) 24 weeks post-SVR |
F4: Δrel. to baseline (P-value) |
|
| Pro-inflammatory | |||||||||
| IFN-y | BDL | 0 (0–4)c | 0 (0–1) | BDL | BDL | ||||
| IFN-a2 | BDL | 1.9 (1–12) | 0 (0–1) | 0.6 (0–3) | 0.071 | BDL | |||
| IL-12p40 | 5.8 | 14.9 (8–45) | 11.4 (6–35) | 5.7 (3–267) | 12.1 (6–27) | ||||
| IL-12p70 | BDL | 3.5 (2–23) | BDL | BDL | 0.030 | BDL | |||
| IL-18 | 2.6 | 0.0003, + | 23.4 (15–59) | 60.2 (37–71) | 15.0 (8–40) | 0.004 | 22.9 (21–33) | ||
| IL-2Rα | 0.5 | 0.001, + | 57.6 (45–72) | 63.7 (56–72) | 33.3 (21–44) | 0.004 | 47.3 (31–56) | ||
| IL-6 | BDL | 0.053, + | 0.7 (1–4) | 1.4 (1–2) | BDL | 0.053 | BDL | ||
| IL-8 | 0.3 | 0.001, + | 8.0 (5–11) | 13.2 (9–21) | 0.064 | 5.8 (4–14) | 9.2 (6–22) | ||
| TNF-α | BDL | 0.034, + | 3.4 (2–82) | 2.3 (1–3) | BDL | 0.018 | 2.3 (1–3) | ||
| TNF-β | 1.3 | 7.4 (4–35) | 1.2 (1–2) | 2 (1–131) | 0.7 (0–1) | ||||
| TRAIL | 18.0 | 23.3 (15–30) | 7.2 (4–17) | 0.033 | 24.4 (12–30) | 2.6 (1–10) | |||
| Anti-inflammatory | |||||||||
| IL-1Rα | 19.6 | 0.002, + | 171.4 (108–326) | 93.2 (18–161) | 150.6 (82–263) | 115.1 (79–151) | |||
| IL-10 | BDL | 0.8 (0–7) | BDL | 0.6 (0–7) | 0.500 | BDL | |||
| IL-9 | 22.9 | 0.047, + | 65.8 (43–162) | 37.7 (31–47) | 36.7 (26–268) | 32.6 (27–37) | |||
| MIF | 86.7 | 0.011, + | 171.2 (110–406) | 420 (223–566) | 276.2 (16–550) | 416.5 (262–478) | |||
| TGF-βd | nae | 6373 (4908–25595) | 3283 (2963–4848) | 0.010 | 5430 (2863–20165) | 0.001 | 2154 (1740–3078) | 0.03 | |
| Chemokines | |||||||||
| CTACK (CCL27) | 7.6 | 0.002, + | 115.6 (66–174) | 145.9 (112– | 44.3 (23–92) | 0.020 | 115.1 (61–143) | ||
| Eotaxin | 19.2 | 0.002, + | 433.6 (225–486) | 283 (153–363) | 286 (147–361) | 0.012 | 204.9 (111–306) | ||
| GRO–α (CXCL1) | 29.8 | 55.7 (28–87) | 71.3 (68–75) | 0 (0–19) | 0.011 | 24.5 (12–44) | 0.063 | ||
| IP-10 (CXCL10) | 36.3 | 0.0001, + | 1896 (1087–3191) | 2040 (1684–3053) | 257 (111–347) | 0.004 | 366 (284–528) | 0.063 | |
| MCP-1 (CCL2 | 2.3 | 0.001, + | 35.3 (28–56) | 34.7 (19–63) | 32.9 (20–37) | 26.5 (15–48) | |||
| MIG (CXCL9) | 585.1 | 0.026, + | 1209.5 (1116–1470) | 2794 (2282–3358) | 0.001 | 688.4 (449–693) | 0.074 | 1482 (900–1849) | 0.063 |
| MIP-1α (CCL3) | 0.6 | 0.031, + | 1.6 (1–2) | 2.3 (2–3) | 0.9 (0–2) | 0.004 | 1.4 (1–2) | 0.063 | |
| MIP-1β (CCL4) | 20.0 | 0.003, + | 41.6 (34–53) | 47.2 (38–48) | 31.8 (27–51) | 0.054 | 32.3 (31–36) | ||
| RANTES (CCL5) | 2420.7 | 0.013, + | 5845.5 (4882–7406) | 7960 (4694–10224) | 6104 (5247–7556) | 8460 (5943–8758) | |||
| Growth factors | |||||||||
| G-CSF | 4.3 | 0.007, + | 57.2 (38–129) | 17.4 (13–31) | 0.015 | 26.3 (15–62) | 12.8 (6–19) | ||
| HGF | 117.3 | 0.019, + | 192.9 (144–217) | 243 (232–481) | 0.010 | 160.0 (97–237) | 236.4 (216–511) | ||
| IL-7 | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | ||||
| LIF | BDL | 0.064, + | 8.1 (4–68) | BDL | 0.8 (0–5) | 0.047 | BDL | ||
| M-CSF | BDL | 0.001, + | 20.0 (16–26) | 21.7 (16–24) | 7.1 (4–11) | 0.004 | 10.6 (6–13) | ||
a
Control sample concentrations reported as means and IQR.
b
Statistical significance was determined by Mann-Whitney U-Test (p ≤ 0.05) and are highlighted in bold, and statistical trends are included (p = 0.06–0.08).
c
Median and interquartile ranges (IQR) are rounded to the nearest whole number.
d
TGF-β concentrations were determined in a separate assay.
e
n/a, data not available.
f
Δ relative change compared to baseline (i.e., week 0, pre-DAA therapy).