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. 2019 Jul 2;3(1):179–218. doi: 10.3233/ADR-190125

Table 3.

Approachable drug therapy with their clinical and preclinical status in Alzheimer’s disease

Drug Clinical adverse effect Mechanism of Action Dose & Route Clinical Pre-clinical References Clinical Pre-clinical
Donepezil (Memory enhancer) Hepatotoxicity GI adverse events, bradycardia, nausea, diarrhea, insomnia, vomiting, asthenia/fatigue and anorexia, weight loss AcetylcholinesteraseinhibitorAcetylcholine at cholinergic synapses 5,10 mg orally;5,10,23 mg orally;10 mg orally;5,10, 23 mg orally;23 mg orally 0.3 mg/kgp.o.;1 mg/kg i.p.;3 mg/kg i.p.;0.1, 0.3 mg/kg p.o.;1, 3 mg/kg i.p. [311–315] [316–319]
Memantine (Anti-excitatory) Fatigue, pain, hypertension, dizziness, headache, constipation, vomiting, back pain, confusion, somnolence, hallucination, coughing, dyspnea, agitation, fall, inflicted injury, urinary incontinence, diarrhea, bronchitis, insomnia, urinary tract infection, influenza-like symptoms, abnormal gait, depression, upper respiratory tract infection, peripheral edema, anorexia, and arthralgia NMDA receptor antagonistInhibit influx of Ca2 + ions 20 mg orally;5, 10, 20 mg orally;10 &20 mg orally;5 &23 mg orally;10 &20 mg orally; 20 mg/kg i.p.;5, 10 mg/kg i.p;10, 20 mg/kg i.p;0.1, 1 mg/kg i.p;30 mg/kg i.p. [320–325] [325–330]
Epothilone D (Microtubule stabilizer) NA Inhibit microtubule destabilizationIncrease polymerization of microtubules 0.003,0.01, 0.03 mg/kg infusion; 0.003,0.01, 0.03 mg/kg infusion 1, 3 mg/kg i.p.;1 mg/kg i.p;1,0.3,3 mg/kg i.p [214, 215, 331, 332] [210, 333–337]
Minocycline (Antibiotic,anti-inflammatory andTau/betaaggregation inhibitor) Nausea, vertigo and mild dizziness Suppress microglial activation and inhibit oxygen radicals 200 mg orally 10 mg/kg i.p.;45 mg/kg i.p.;90 mg/kg i.p.;90–180 mg/kg i.p. [338–343] [339, 344–348]
Lycopene (Antioxidant) Lycopenemia with high intakes of lycopene Reactive oxygen species scavengerPrevent cellular lipid and protein oxidation 6.5, 15, 30 mg orally;15 mg orally;15, 30 mg orally;25 mg orally 10 mg/kg p.o.;5 mg/kg p.o.;2,4 mg/kg p.o.;2.5,5,10 mg/kg p.o.;5, 10 mg/kg p.o. [349–353] [351, 354–357]