Table 2.
Risk Factor | Predicting SMA/NMA1 | Predicting SMA/DMA1 | Predicting DMA/NMA1 | |||
Young-Old | Old-Old | Young-Old | Old-Old | Young-Old | Old-Old | |
Non-modifiable Demographic | ||||||
Age3 | Younger | |||||
Sex2,6 | Female | Female | Female | Female | ||
Functional | ||||||
Pulse Pressure5 | ||||||
Peak Expiratory Flow2 | Lower | |||||
Grip Strength4 | Lower | Higher | ||||
Body Mass Index2 | Higher | Higher | ||||
Heart Rate4 | Higher | Lower | Higher | |||
Gait4 | Faster | Slower | ||||
Balance5 | ||||||
Psychological | ||||||
Depressive Symptoms2 | Fewer | |||||
Subjective Health5 | ||||||
Lifestyle/Reserve | ||||||
Living Status2 | Cohabiting | Cohabiting | ||||
Education2,6 | More | More | More | More | ||
Physical Activity5 | ||||||
Novel Cognitive Activity4,6 | More | More | Fewer | Fewer | ||
Social Activity4 | More | More | Fewer | |||
Self-Maintenance Activity4 | More | Fewer |
1 Predicting the first status against the benchmark. 2 Unique to SMA. 3 Unique to DMA. 4 Both SMA and DMA. 5 Not a significant predictor. 6 Most common predictors. SMA, stable memory aging; NMA, normal memory aging; DMA, declining memory aging.