Table 3.

A selection of validation studies to measure grazing behavior of cows, combined with an assessment of feasibility for research purposes (R) or commercial application on farms (F)

Measured parameters	Technology used	Resolution as listed in reference	Assessment1	References
Foraging, resting and walking	Global Positioning System (GPS) collar	1 min sampling	R: + F: −−	Spink et al. (2013)
Grazing jaw movements	Wireless microphone	1 min recording, 10 min analysis	R: + F: −−	Navon et al. (2013)
Bites, chews and compound chewbites	Wireless microphone	13 min	R: − F: −−	Milone et al. (2012)
Grazing, ruminating or other activities	Jaw movement sensor	Continuous measurement for 24 h	R: + F: −−	Rutter et al. (1997), Rutter (2000)
Grazing bites and chews	Jaw movement sensor	Continuous measurement for 24 h	R: − F: −−	Champion et al. (1997)
Grazing, ruminating or other activities, grazing bites and chews, rumination chews, grazing and rumination bouts	Noseband pressure sensor	Grazing/rumination times: 1 min and 1 h resolution Grazing bites/rumination chews 5 min resolution	R: ++ F: −	Werner et al. (2017)
Grazing time	Accelerometer	4-s sampling periods or preprocessed data 2 min	R: + F: −−	Delagarde and Lamberton (2015)
Grazing bites	Accelerometer	Storage 1 day or 1 h on the pedometer	R: + F: −−	Umemura (2013)
Rumination activity	Cow rumination monitors	2 h blocks	R: − F: −	Elischer et al. (2013)
Grazing, ruminating and resting	Accelerometer	Raw data: 1 s intervals Analysis of 1-min resolution data	R: + F: −−	Decandia et al. (2017)
Grazing, resting and ruminating	Accelerometer	1-min intervals	R: ++ F: ++	Molfino et al. (2017)
Grazing time	Accelerometer	15-min periods	R: + F: ++	Ipema (2015)

++ = highly suitable;+ = partial suitable; − = partial usable; −− = not applicable.

¹The assessment results are based on accuracy in measured parameters and applicability.