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. 2019 Aug 19;17:272. doi: 10.1186/s12967-019-2007-z

Table 4.

Assessment of fasting on plasma biomarkers and their evolution during post-fasting phase (n = 78)

Crude data analysis Repeated measures logistic regression and generalized least squares random-effects model
Total Young (20–30 years) Adult-to-elderly (≥ 52 years)
Diff.1 (% ≥ cut-off value) or mean (s.d.) Crude coeff.2 95% CI3 Adjusted coeff.4 95% CI3 Crude coeff.2 95% CI3 Adjusted coeff.4 95% CI3 Crude Coeff.2 95% CI3 Adjusted coeff.4 95% CI3
Haematological markers
Platelets
P5< 0.0001 P6 < 0.0001 P7 < 0.0001 P6 < 0.0001 P7 < 0.0001 P6 < 0.0001 P7 < 0.0001
Pre-fasting 190.7 (24.8) 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting 213.5 (28.8) + 22.8 21.9 to 23.7 + 27.66 26.17 to 29.15 + 22.95 21.68 to 24.21 + 28.57 26.43 to 30.72 + 22.73 21.5 to 24.0 + 27.29 25.23 to 29.34
Post-Fasting 201.6 (27.7) + 10.9 10.0 to 11.8 + 11.71 10.55 to 12.87 + 10.95 9.96 to 12.21 + 12.88 11.06 to 14.70 + 10.87 9.63 to 12.11 + 10.74 9.21 to 12.27
WBC
P5 < 0.0001 P6 < 0.0001 P7 < 0.0001 P6 = 0.0002 P7 = 0.0001 P6 < 0.0001 P7 < 0.0001
Pre-fasting 5.68 (0.70) 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting 6.23 (0.75) + 0.55 0.34 to 0.75 + 0.62 0.39 to 0.85 +0.45 0.21 to 0.70 + 0.56 0.30 to 0.83 + 0.63 0.31 to 0.96 + 0.70 0.32 to 1.05
Post-fasting 5.55 (1.32) + 0.13 − 0.33 to 0.08 − 0.06 − 0.29 to 0.16 + 0.02 − 0.22 to 0.26 + 0.05 − 0.21 to 0.32 − 0.26 − 0.58 to 0.06 − 0.22 − 0.57 to 0.13
Inflammation biomarkers
Interleukines: Common b chain (CD131)
IL-7
P5 = 0.30 P6 = 0.018 P7 = 0.045 P6 = 0.32 P7 = 0.29 P6 = 0.066 P7 = 0.0.094
Pre-fasting – 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting − 12.8 − 1.24 − 2.21 to − 0.28 − 0.95 − 2.05 to 0.14 − 0.65 − 1.68 to 0.37 − 0.56 − 1.75 to 0.62 − 2.27 − 4.46 to − 0.08 − 2.07 − 4.38 to 0.23
Post-fasting − 10.3 − 0.88 − 1.74 to − 0.02 − 1.08 − 2.09 to − 0.06 − 0.65 − 1.68 to 0.37 − 0.91 − 2.15 to 0.32 − 1.12 − 2.58 to 0.33 − 1.16 − 2.75 to 0.43
IL-9
P5 = 0.16 P6 = 0.24 P7 = 0.33 P6 = 0.48 P7 = 0.61 – P7 = 0.72
Pre-fasting – 1 1 1 – 1 1
Fasting − 2.6 − 0.43 − 1.76 to 0.90 − 0.56 − 2.00 to 0.87 − 0.57 − 2.16 to 1.02 − 0.45 − 2.15 to 1.26 – – − 0.84 − 3.95 to 2.27
Post-fasting − 6.4 − 1.85 − 4.03 to 0.31 − 1.57 − 3.76 to 0.63 0.00 – 0.00 – – – + 0.51 − 2.59 to 3.62
GM-CSF
P5 < 0.0001 P6 = 0.0001 P7 = 0.0001 P6 = 0.025 P7 = 0.016 P6 = 0.0022 P7 = 0.0024
Pre-fasting – 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting + 35.9 + 1.57 0.85 to 2.28 + 1.65 0.90 to 2.41 + 1.37 0.36 to 2.39 + 1.52 0.43 to 2.61 + 1.76 0.75 to 2.77 + 1.86 0.75 to 2.97
Post-fasting + 20.5 + 0.94 0.23 to 1.65 + 0.87 0.14 to 1.61 + 0.49 − 0.52 to 1.51 + 0.28 − 0.79 to 1.37 + 1.36 0.36 to 2.37 + 1.41 0.34 to 2.49
Interleukines-IL-10-like
IL-10
P5 = 0.082 P6 = 0.039 P7 = 0.12 P6 = 0.21 P7 = 0.33 P6 = 0.17 P7 = 0.33
Pre-fasting – 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting − 15.5 − 0.85 − 1.52 to − 0.19 − 0.70 − 1.44 to 0.04 − 1.14 − 2.43 to 0.15 − 1.00 − 2.38 to 0.39 − 0.78 − 1.61 to 0.04 − 0.65 − 1.60 to 0.29
Post-fasting − 6.4 − 0.31 − 0.91 to 0.28 − 0.44 − 1.11 to 0.23 − 0.17 − 1.19 to 0.86 − 0.49 − 1.69 to 0.71 − 0.42 − 1.21 to 0.37 − 0.40 − 1.28 to 0.47
Interleukines: IL-1-like
IL-1α
P5 < 0.0001 P6 < 0.0001 P7 < 0.0001 P6 = 0.0003 P7 = 0.0005 P6 < 0.0001 P7 < 0.0001
Pre-fasting – 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting + 53.8 + 2.61 1.79 to 3.42 + 2.90 1.98 to 3.82 + 1.90 0.90 to 2.89 + 2.23 1.07 to 3.39 + 3.73 2.08 to 5.39 + 4.01 2.22 to 5.80
Post-fasting + 48.7 + 2.38 1.57 to 3.19 + 2.32 1.45 to 3.19 + 1.67 0.68 to 2.65 + 1.61 0.50 to 2.72 + 3.52 1.87 to 5.16 + 3.47 1.76 to 5.18
IL-1 β
P5 = 0.037 P6 = 0.036 P7 = 0.041 P6 = 0.52 P7 = 0.39 P6 = 0.039 P7 = 0.061
Pre-fasting – 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting + 14.1 + 0.76 0.03 to 1.50 + 0.65 − 0.13 to 1.45 +0.27 − 0.69 to 1.23 + 0.32 − 0.78 to 1.42 + 1.32 0.14 to 2.48 + 1.15 − 0.12 to 2.44
Post-fasting + 15.4 + 0.85 0.11 to 1.60 + 0.95 0.15 to 1.76 + 0.60 − 0.42 to 1.60 + 0.83 − 0.35 to 2.01 + 1.10 − 0.01 to 2.22 + 1.17 − 0.04 to 2.38
Interleukines: IL-6-like
IL-12P40
P5 = 0.44 P6 = 0.38 P7 = 0.086 P6 = 0.50 P7 = 0.18 P6 = 0.32 P7 = 0.22
Pre-fasting – 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting + 6.4 + 0.67 − 0.28 to 1.64 + 1.17 0.05 to 2.31 + 0.40 − 0.66 to 1.46 + 0.70 − 0.58 to 2.00 + 1.46 − 0.84 to 3.77 + 2.27 − 0.30 to 4.85
Post-Fasting + 3.8 + 0.45 − 0.55 to 1.44 + 0.09 − 1.04 to 1.22 − 0.25 − 1.44 to 0.93 + 0.74 − 2.21 to 0.72 + 1.71 − 0.54 to 3.97 + 1.55 − 0.85 to 3.95
IL-12P70
P5 = 0.069 P6 = 0.11 P7 = 0.16 P6 = 0.13 P7 = 0.28 P6 = 0.79 P7 = 0.95
Pre-fasting – 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting − 5.1 − 0.90 − 2.26 to 0.46 − 0.58 − 2.17 to 1.00 − 1.72 − 3.98 to 0.52 − 1.35 − 3.80 to 1.10 0.00 − 1.86 to 1.86 − 0.26 − 2.90 to 2.38
Post-fasting − 7.7 − 2.03 − 4.11 to 0.065 − 2.07 − 4.29 to 0.14 0.00 – 0.00 – − 0.72 − 2.99 to 1.56 − 0.37 − 3.19 to 2.44
Interleukines: interferons
IFN-Gamma
P5 = 0.068 P6 = 0.034 P7 = 0.051 P6 = 0.26 P7 = 0.33 P6 = 0.067 P7 = 0.14
Pre-fasting – 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting − 16.7 − 0.74 − 1.33 to − 0.14 − 0.74 − 1.39 to − 0.084 − 0.47 − 1.33 to 0.37 − 0.52 − 1.44 to 0.39 − 0.98 − 1.81 to − 0.15 − 0.94 − 1.92 to 0.03
Post-fasting − 14.1 − 0.63 − 1.23 to − 0.038 − 0.60 − 1.23 to 0.04 − 0.69 − 1.54 to 0.15 − 0.62 − 1.54 to 0.28 − 0.58 − 1.42 to 0.26 − 0.58 − 1.50 to 0.35
Other interleukines
Il-17
P5 < 0.0001 P6 < 0.0001 P7 < 0.0001 P6 = 0.0009 P7 = 0.0014 P6 = 0.010 P7 = 0.014
Pre-fasting – 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting − 33.3 − 1.41 − 2.03 to − 0.79 − 1.26 − 1.92 to − 0.60 − 1.63 − 2.57 to − 0.69 − 1.51 − 2.48 to − 0.53 − 1.22 − 2.06 to − 0.39 − 1.10 − 2.03 to − 0.17
Post-fasting − 26.9 − 1.11 − 1.71 to − 0.50 − 1.25 − 1.89 to 0.59 − 1.35 − 2.26 to − 0.44 − 1.47 − 2.45 to − 0.49 − 0.89 − 1.70 to − 0.08 − 1.04 − 1.93 to − 0.16
TGF-β
FlT-3L
P5 < 0.0001 P6 = 0.0003 P7 = 0.0004 P6 = 0.020 P7 = 0.025 P6 = 0.020 P7 = 0.024
Pre-fasting – 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting + 28.2 + 2.46 1.22 to 3.71 + 2.56 1.27 to 3.84 + 2.00 0.47 to 3.53 + 2.23 0.57 to 3.89 + 3.03 0.89 to 5.16 + 3.00 0.82 to 5.18
Post-fasting + 26.9 + 2.41 1.16 to 3.65 + 2.31 1.05 to 3.58 + 2.12 0.60 to 3.65 + 2.02 0.38 to 3.66 + 2.81 0.66 to 4.95 + 2.76 0.60 to 4.92
TGF-α
P5 < 0.0001 P6 = 0. P7 < 0.0001 P6 < 0.0001 P7 = 0.0001 P6 < 0.0001 P7 < 0.0001
Pre-fasting – 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting − 53.8 − 2.51 − 3.25 to − 1.77 − 2.56 − 3.35 to − 1.76 − 2.18 − 3.24 to − 1.13 − 2.26 − 3.38 to − 1.15 − 2.85 − 3.91 to − 1.79 − 3.07 − 4.28 to − 1.86
Post-fasting − 26.9 − 1.12 − 1.12 to − 0.49 − 1.16 − 1.82 to − 0.49 − 1.72 − 2.70 to − 0.74 − 1.64 − 2.67 to − 0.62 − 0.64 − 1.47 to 0.20 − 0.68 − 1.60 to 0.23
TNF-α
sCD40l
P5 = 0.014 P6 = 0.0075 P7 = 0.0048 P6 = 0.021 P7 = 0.037 P6 = 0.23 P7 = 0.10
Pre-fasting – 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting − 1.28 − 0.05 − 0.65 to 0.53 + 0.09 − 0.56 to 0.75 − 0.22 − 1.07 to 0.62 − 0.20 − 1.11 to 0.71 + 0.11 − 0.72 to 0.94 + 0.41 − 0.62 to 1.42
Post-fasting − 19.2 − 1.00 − 1.67 to − 0.32 − 1.12 − 1.85 to − 0.40 − 1.37 − 2.36 to − 0.37 − 1.36 − 2.43 to − 0.31 − 0.64 − 1.58 to 0.27 − 0.90 − 1.94 to 0.13
APRIL
P5 = 0.029 P6 = 0.26 P7 = 0.036 P6 = 0.019 P7 = 0.031 P6 = 0.71 P7 = 0.79
Pre-fasting 4451.4 (6944.6) 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting 3158.7 (5937.8) − 1292.7 − 2914.3 to 328.9 − 984.8 − 2860.6 to 711.1 − 2550.7 − 5282.6 to 181.3 − 2032.1 − 4852.7 to 788.4 − 157.5 − 1980.5 to 1665.6 − 179.9 − 2150.7 to 1790.8
Post-fasting 2235.3 (2245.9) − 2216.1 − 3837.7 to − 594.6 − 2204.2 − 3883.8 to − 524.6 − 3863.8 6595.7 to − 1131.9 − 3792.8 − 6635.4 to − 950.2 − 729.2 − 2552.3 to 1093.8 − 658.9 − 2850.3 to 1262.3
Chemokines: CC chemokines
MIP-1 alpha
P5 < 0.0001 P6 < 0.0001 P7 < 0.0001 P6 = 0.0003 P7 = 0. 0016 P6 < 0.0001 P7 = 0.0003
Pre-fasting – 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting − 46.2 − 2.04 − 2.77 to − 1.31 − 1.93 − 2.75 to − 1.13 − 2.12 − 3.17 to − 1.08 − 2.06 − 3.20 to − 0.92 − 2.02 − 3.05 to − 1.00 − 1.98 − 3.18 to − 0.78
Post-fasting − 6.4 − 0.27 − 0.93 to 0.38 − 0.28 − 1.00 to 0.44 − 1.15 − 2.13 to − 0.18 − 1.19 − 2.28 to − 0.11 + 0.55 − 0.37 to 1.48 + 0.68 − 0.38 to 1.74
MCP-2
P5 < 0.0001 P6 < 0.0001 P7 = 0.0001 P6 < 0.0001 P7 = 0.0001 P6 = 0. 0063 P7 = 0.044
Pre-fasting – 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting − 39.7 − 1.68 − 2.36 to − 1.00 − 1.58 − 2.32 to − 0.84 − 2.18 − 3.24 to − 1.12 − 2.26 − 3.45 to − 1.07 − 1.31 − 2.21 to − 0.41 − 1.25 − 2.32 to − 0.19
Post-fasting − 24.4 − 1.03 − 1.69 to − 0.37 − 1.09 − 1.81 to − 0.37 − 2.18 − 3.24 to − 1.12 − 2.34 − 3.54 to − 1.14 − 0.10 − 0.98 to 0.77 − 0.02 − 1.04 to 1.00
MDC
P5 < 0.0001 P6 < 0.0001 P7 < 0.0001 P6 = 0.0010 P7 = 0.0007 P6 = 0.0007 P7 = 0.0008
Pre-fasting – 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting − 42.3 − 2.48 − 3.42 to − 1.54 − 2.60 − 3.60 to − 1.60 − 1.91 − 3.05 to − 0.76 − 2.01 − 3.2 to − 0.81 − 3.64 − 5.71 to − 1.56 − 4.00 − 6.18 to − 1.79
Post-fasting − 28.2 − 1.28 − 1.97 to − 0.58 − 1.23 − 1.97 to − 0.49 − 1.51 − 2.55 to − 0.46 − 1.59 − 2.71 to − 0.48 − 1.08 − 2.02 to − 0.14 − 0.91 − 1.95 to 0.12
Rantes
P5 = 0.066 P6 = 0.073 P7 = 0.20 P6 = 0.23 P7 = 0.27 P6 = 0.074 P7 = 0.18
Pre-fasting – 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting − 19.2 − 0.81 − 1.50 to − 0.11 − 0.64 − 1.39 to 0.09 − 0.68 − 1.78 to 0.41 − 0.48 − 1.65 to 0.68 − 0.87 − 1.76 to 0.02 − 0.81 − 1.81 to 0.18
Post-fasting − 10.3 − 0.42 − 1.09 to 0.25 − 0.42 − 1.13 to 0.28 − 0.94 − 2.06 to 0.18 − 0.97 − 2.16 to 0.21 + 0.06 − 0.79 to 0.91 + 0.15 − 0.77 to 1.07
GRO
P5 < 0.0001 P6 < 0.0001 P7 < 0.0001 P6 = 0.0002 P7 = 0.0004 P6 = 0.0095 P7 = 0.0058
Pre-fasting – 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting − 36.5 − 1.88 − 2.65 to − 1.12 − 2.02 − 2.86 to − 1.18 − 1.95 − 2.94 to − 0.95 − 1.94 − 3.01 to − 0.88 − 2.02 − 3.32 to − 0.72 − 2.32 − 3.75 to − 0.91
Post-fasting − 22.4 − 0.97 − 1.60 to − 0.33 − 0.93 − 1.63 to − 0.22 − 1.48 − 2.41 to − 0.56 − 1.46 − 2.46 to − 0.46 − 0.48 − 1.40 to 0.42 − 0.33 − 1.33 to 0.66
Eotaxin
P5 = 0.002 P6 = 0.0017 P7 = 0.0040 P6 = 0.018 P7 = 0.018 P6 = 0.068 P7 = 0.13
Pre-fasting – 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting − 25.6 − 1.15 − 1.82 to − 1.48 − 1.11 − 1.84 to − 0.37 − 1.15 − 2.05 to − 0.26 − 1.19 − 2.17 to − 0.21 − 1.17 − 2.17 to − 0.16 − 1.12 − 2.25 to 0.01
Post-fasting − 19.2 − 0.82 − 1.46 to − 0.18 − 0.85 − 1.55 to − 0.15 − 1.02 − 1.90 to − 0.14 − 1.18 − 2.17 to − 0.18 − 0.63 − 1.56 to 0.29 − 0.58 − 1.61 to 0.46
Chemokines: CXC chemokines
ENA 78
P5 < 0.0001 P6 = 0.0004 P7 = 0.0016 P6 = 0.0047 P7 = 0.0099 P6 = 0.0080 P7 = 0.029
Pre-fasting – 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting − 29.5 − 1.35 − 2.03 to − 0.67 − 1.35 − 2.10 to − 0.61 − 1.55 − 2.52 to − 0.58 − 1.61 − 2.70 to − 0.53 − 1.17 − 2.12 to − 0.22 − 1.19 − 2.28 to − 0.11
Post-fasting − 7.7 − 0.31 − 0.92 to 0.29 − 0.28 − 0.95 to 0.38 − 1.00 − 1.91 to − 0.10 − 0.94 − 1.95 to 0.069 + 0.29 − 0.54 to 1.12 + 0.39 − 0.55 to 1.33
CXCL13
P5 < 0.0001 P6 = 0.0001 P7 = 0.0003 P6 = 0.0005 P7 = 0.0008 P6 = 0.018 P7 = 0.014
Pre-fasting – 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting − 20.5 − 0.87 − 1.46 to − 0.27 − 1.00 − 1.68 to − 0.31 − 0.55 − 1.33 to 0.21 − 0.60 − 1.45 to 0.25 − 1.18 − 2.06 to − 0.29 − 1.62 − 2.72 to − 0.52
Post-fasting − 29.5 − 1.35 − 2.00 to − 0.71 − 1.26 − 1.96 to − 0.57 − 2.05 − 3.08 to − 1.02 − 2.11 − 3.21 to − 1.00 − 0.93 − 1.78 to − 0.07 − 0.64 − 1.63 to 0.34
MIG
P5 < 0.0001 P6 < 0.0001 P7 < 0.0001 P6 = 0.0010 P7 = 0.0017 P6 = 0.0004 P7 = 0.0011
Pre-fasting 2452.4 (3085.0) 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting 719.4 (1277.2) − 1733.0 − 2406.0 to − 1059.8 − 1762.9 − 2473.7 to − 1052.1 − 1957.1 − 3079 to − 834.5 − 1977.4 − 3143.1 to − 811.8 − 1530.7 − 2305.2 to − 756.3 − 1597.1 − 2540.2 to − 744.0
Post-fasting 1409.9 (2213.9) − 1042.0 − 1715 to − 369.2 − 945.5 − 1648.4 to − 242.6 − 1696.4 − 2819.1 to − 573.8 − 1542.9 − 2718.0 to − 367.7 − 452.3 − 452.3 to − 1226.7 − 338.3 − 1162.8 to 486.2
IP-10
P5 = 0.001 P6 = 0.0003 P7 = 0. 0006 P6 = 0.0009 P7 = 0.0022 P6 = 0.032 P7 = 0.039
Pre-fasting – 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting − 28.2 − 1.28 − 1.92 to − 0.63 − 1.30 − 2.01 to − 0.60 − 1.26 − 2.08 to − 0.44 − 1.27 − 2.15 to − 0.38 − 1.33 − 2.34 to − 0.32 − 1.47 − 2.62 to − 0.32
Post-fasting − 19.2 − 0.81 − 0.81 to − 1.41 − 0.76 − 1.41 to − 0.11 − 1.40 − 2.24 to − 0.57 − 1.28 − 2.17 to − 0.39 − 0.30 − 1.18 to 0.57 − 0.21 − 1.19 to 0.77
Chemokines: CX3C chemokines
Fractalkine
P5 = 0.002 P6 = 0.0031 P7 = 0.023 P6 = 0.070 P7 = 0.078 P6 = 0.033 P7 = 0.095
Pre-fasting – 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting − 26.9 − 1.12 − 1.79 to − 0.46 − 1.00 − 1.70 to − 0.28 − 1.02 − 1.89 to − 0.15 − 1.07 − 2.03 to − 0.12 − 1.22 − 2.22 to − 0.22 − 1.13 − 2.21 to − 0.05
Post-fasting − 9.00 − 0.40 − 1.07 to 0.27 − 0.44 − 1.15 to 0.26 − 0.58 − 1.46 to 0.28 − 0.66 − 1.62 to 0.28 − 0.22 − 1.24 to 0.79 − 0.19 − 1.28 to 0.90
Others
Calcitonin
P5 = 0.25 P6 = 0.24 P7 = 0.25 P6 = 0.32 P7 = 0.33 P6 = 0.13 P7 = 0.15
Pre-fasting 6.82 (37.9) 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fasting 1.64 (1.09) − 5.18 − 12.09 to 1.69 − 5.11 − 12.31 to 2.07 − 9.49 − 24.0 to 4.96 − 9.32 − 24.23 to 5.57 − 1.29 − 2.54 to − 0.04 − 1.32 − 2.65 to 0.02
Post-fasting 1.85 (1.71) − 4.97 − 11.85 to 1.91 − 4.94 − 12.08 to 2.19 − 9.78 − 24.2 to 4.67 − 9.79 − 24.8 to 5.21 − 0.62 − 1.88 to 0.62 − 0.62 − 1.92 to 0.69

1Difference (between pre-fasting vs. fasting phases and pre-fasting vs. post-fasting phases) in percentage terms of biomarker concentration ≥ cut-off value or mean ± standard deviation

2Crude generalized least squares random-effects model or repeated measures logistic regression model to examine the association between biomarkers level with fasting or not state

3C.I. 0.95 confidence interval for Diff

4Adjusted generalized least squares random-effects model or repeated measures logistic regression model to examine the association between biomarkers level with fasting or not state

5p-values: null hypothesis of identical percentage differences of each biomarker concentration level for the pre-, per- and post-fasting or equality of means

6Crude p-value for association of biomarker plasma concentration ≥ cut-off value or for association difference of means for interval variables with co-factor

7Adjusted p-value for association of biomarker plasma concentration ≥ cut-off value or for association difference of means for interval variables with co-factor