Table 1.
Distribution and characteristics of studies used in the review
| Number of human studies (n = 45) | Number of animal studies (n = 9) | Number of environmental studies (n = 12) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Region | |||
| Adamawa | 1 (2.2%) | 2 (22.2%) | |
| Centre | 21 (46.7%) | 2 (22.2%) | |
| Far-north | 1 (2.2%) | ||
| Littoral | 5 (11.1%) | 4 (33.3%) | |
| North-west | 2 (4.4%) | ||
| South-west | 7 (15.6%) | 3 (33.3%) | 5 (41.7%) |
| West | 8 (17.7%) | 2 (22.2%) | 3 (25%) |
| Type of material | |||
| Journal article | 45 (100%) | 7 (77.8%) | 12 (100%) |
| Dissertation (Unpublished) | 2 (22.2%) | ||
| Language | |||
| English | 40 (88.9%) | 5 (55.6%) | 12 (100%) |
| French | 5 (11.1%) | 4 (44.4%) | |
| Study design | |||
| Cross sectional | 42 (93.3%) | 9 (100%) | 12 (100%) |
| Longitudinal | 2 (6.7%) | ||
| Animal and human population study | |||
| Beef cattle | 2 (22.2%) | ||
| Poultry: broilers & eggs layers | 5 (55.6%) | ||
| Swine | 1 (11.1%) | ||
| Shrimps | 1 (11.1%) | ||
| Healthy adults | 5 (11.1%) | ||
| Patients or cases | 36 (80%) | ||
| Health care personnel | 4 (8.9%) | ||
| Common infection | |||
| Urinary tract infection | 29 (64.4%) | ||
| Bloodstream infection | 17 (37.8%) | ||
| Gastro-intestinal infection | 15 (33.3%) | ||
| Respiratory infection | 14 (31.1%) | ||
| Skin problems | 6 (13.3%) | ||
| Eye and ear discharge | 5 (11.1%) | ||
| Samples studied | |||
| Faecal/cloacal swabs/caecum | 7 (77.8%) | ||
| Meat or carcass | 1 (11.1%) | ||
| Shrimps | 1 (11.1%) | ||
| Stool sample | 14 (31.1%) | ||
| Urine | 26 (57.8%) | ||
| Vaginal swabs | 14 (31.1%) | ||
| Blood | 12 (26.7%) | ||
| Pus | 12 (22.7%) | ||
| Wounds swabs | 10 (22.2%) | ||
| Skin | 6 (13.3%) | ||
| Nasal swabs | 4 (8.9%) | ||
| Medical tools and devices | 6 (50%) | ||
| Water | 3 (25%) | ||
| uncooked vegetables | 1 (8.3%) | ||
| Money (notes and coins) | 1 (8.3%) | ||
| Abattoirs drains | 1 (8.3%) | ||
| Bacteria isolates studied | |||
| Escherichia coli | 23 (51.1%) | 3 (33.3%) | 3 (25%) |
| Salmonella spp. | 1 (2.1%) | 6 (66.7%) | 1 (8.3%) |
| Klebsiella spp | 19 (42.2%) | 3 (25%) | |
| Enterococcus spp | 7 (15.6%) | 1 (11.1%) | 2 (16.7%) |
| Proteus spp | 6 (13.3%) | 2 (22.2%) | 2 (16.7%) |
| Citrobacter spp | 4 (8.9%) | ||
| Staphylococcus spp. | 18 (40%) | 1 (11.1%) | 8 (66.7%) |
| Streptococcus spp | 6 (13.3%) | 1 (8.3%) | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 11 (24.4%) | 4 (33.3%) | |
| Bacillus spp | 2 (4.4%) | 6 (50%) | |
| Shigella spp | 2 (4.4%) | 3 (25%) | |
| Vibrio cholerae | 1 (2.1%) | 1 (11.1%) | 3 (25%) |