Table 5.
Pooled prevalence of antibiotic resistance of Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus spp and Vibrio cholerae-based on the meta-analysis of environmental studies
| Bacteria reported in studies | Antimicrobial agents | Number of studies | Pooled prevalence of AMR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bacillus spp | Beta-lactams | ||
| Amoxicillin | 4 | 83.8 (59.5–94.8) | |
| Amoxicillin+Clavulanic acid | 3 | 65.9 (48.3–80.0) | |
| Penicillin | 4 | 64.8 (34.2–86.7) | |
| Oxacillin | 3 | 81.1 (64.8–90.9) | |
| Ceftazidime | 3 | 53.4 (30.4–75.1) | |
| Cefuroxime | 3 | 70.1 (50.6–84.2) | |
| Cefoxitine | 3 | 88.7 (74.5–95.5) | |
| Ceftriaxone | 3 | 61.7 (29.9–85.9) | |
| Aminoglycosides | |||
| Gentamicin | 3 | 14.0 (6.6–27.1) | |
| Quinolones | |||
| Nalidixic acid | 3 | 45.2 (20.8–72.3) | |
| Ciprofloxacin | 3 | 28.1 (23.9–32.8) | |
| Nitrofuranes | |||
| Nitrofurantoin | 3 | 60.4 (48.5–71.2) | |
| Sulfonamides & Trimethoprim | |||
| Co-trimoxazole | 3 | 61.6 (38.1–80.7) | |
| Staphylococcus spp | Beta-lactams | ||
| Amoxicillin | 4 | 67.2 (31.1–90.3) | |
| Amoxicillin+Clavulanic acid | 3 | 59.6 (47.5–70.6) | |
| Penicillin | 5 | 78.3 (54.3–91.9) | |
| Oxacillin | 3 | 89.3 (84.2–92.9) | |
| Ceftazidime | 3 | 69.5 (52.0–82.7) | |
| Cefoxitine | 3 | 74.7 (62.3–84.1) | |
| Ceftriaxone | 3 | 83.8 (68.4–92.5) | |
| Quinolones | |||
| Nalidixic acid | 3 | 89.1 (83.7–92.8) | |
| Ciprofloxacin | 4 | 18.2 (5.9–44.3) | |
| Nitrofuranes | |||
| Nitrofurantoin | 3 | 44.7 (37.9–51.7) | |
| Sulfonamides & Trimethoprim | |||
| Co-trimoxazole | 3 | 62.1 (32.4–84.9) | |
| Vibrio cholerae | Beta-lactams | ||
| Ampicillin | 4 | 53.6 (47.3–59.8) | |
| Phenicols | |||
| Chloramphenicol | 4 | 19.1 (2.4–69.0) | |
| Tetracyclines | |||
| Tetracycline | 4 | 41.60 (14.6–74.9) | |
AMR Antimicrobial resistance