Table 2.
Summary of the Results of the Adjusted Logistic Regression and Cox Proportional Hazards Models Assessing the Association between Obstructive Sleep Apnea Symptom Subtypes and Cardiovascular Outcomes
| Outcome | Prevalent* |
Incident† |
Incident + Recurrent‡ |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Cardiovascular disease | ||||||
| Overall adjusted comparison§ | — | 0.141 | — | <0.001 | — | 0.016 |
| ES vs. MinS | 1.62 (0.91–2.91) | 0.1032 | 2.28 (1.53–3.40) | 0.0001 | 1.50 (1.08–2.09) | 0.016 |
| ES vs. DS | 2.28 (1.05–4.95) | 0.0374 | 2.37 (1.40–4.01) | 0.0013 | 1.81 (1.15–2.85) | 0.0105 |
| ES vs. ModS | 1.75 (1.01–3.04) | 0.0475 | 2.23 (1.52–3.27) | <0.0001 | 1.59 (1.16–2.18) | 0.0037 |
| ModS vs. MinS | 0.93 (0.59–1.46) | 0.7498 | 1.02 (0.73–1.43) | 0.8949 | 0.94 (0.72–1.23) | 0.6652 |
| ModS vs. DS | 1.30 (0.66–2.58) | 0.4462 | 1.06 (0.66–1.71) | 0.7989 | 1.13 (0.75–1.70) | 0.5443 |
| DS vs. MinS | 0.71 (0.36–1.43) | 0.3386 | 0.96 (0.60–1.55) | 0.8723 | 0.83 (0.55–1.25) | 0.377 |
| Coronary heart disease | ||||||
| Overall adjusted comparison§ | — | 0.784 | — | 0.015 | — | 0.068 |
| ES vs. MinS | 1.23 (0.62–2.42) | 0.5592 | 1.85 (1.17–2.93) | 0.0086 | 1.54 (1.02–2.32) | 0.0383 |
| ES vs. DS | 1.51 (0.63–3.62) | 0.3568 | 1.99 (1.07–3.72) | 0.0302 | 1.84 (1.03–3.27) | 0.0385 |
| ES vs. ModS | 1.09 (0.57–2.06) | 0.8022 | 1.99 (1.28–3.10) | 0.0022 | 1.61 (1.09–2.37) | 0.0161 |
| ModS vs. MinS | 1.13 (0.68–1.88) | 0.6394 | 0.93 (0.63–1.37) | 0.7089 | 0.96 (0.68–1.35) | 0.8088 |
| ModS vs. DS | 1.39 (0.66–2.93) | 0.3865 | 1.00 (0.57–1.77) | 0.9959 | 1.14 (0.68–1.93) | 0.6169 |
| DS vs. MinS | 0.81 (0.38–1.75) | 0.5956 | 0.93 (0.52–1.64) | 0.797 | 0.84 (0.49–1.43) | 0.5187 |
| Heart failure | ||||||
| Overall adjusted comparison§ | — | 0.015 | — | 0.018 | — | 0.279 |
| ES vs. MinS | 3.07 (1.26–7.46) | 0.0134 | 2.22 (1.34–3.68) | 0.0021 | 1.52 (0.95–2.41) | 0.0782 |
| ES vs. DS | 3.67 (1.03–13.1) | 0.0447 | 2.04 (1.04–4.02) | 0.0389 | 1.60 (0.86–3.01) | 0.141 |
| ES vs. ModS | 3.62 (1.56–8.41) | 0.0028 | 1.71 (1.08–2.72) | 0.0228 | 1.43 (0.93–2.21) | 0.1035 |
| ModS vs. MinS | 0.85 (0.37–1.96) | 0.6976 | 1.29 (0.85–1.97) | 0.2274 | 1.06 (0.72–1.55) | 0.7752 |
| ModS vs. DS | 1.01 (0.30–3.43) | 0.9834 | 1.19 (0.65–2.17) | 0.5668 | 1.12 (0.64–1.97) | 0.6961 |
| DS vs. MinS | 0.84 (0.24–2.86) | 0.7756 | 1.09 (0.58–2.02) | 0.7936 | 0.94 (0.53–1.68) | 0.8456 |
| Stroke | ||||||
| Overall adjusted comparison§ | — | 0.601 | — | 0.427 | — | 0.043 |
| ES vs. MinS | 1.58 (0.58–4.32) | 0.3681 | 1.42 (0.63–3.21) | 0.4041 | 1.13 (0.51–2.50) | 0.7714 |
| ES vs. DS | 2.18 (0.51–9.34) | 0.2947 | 2.83 (0.81–9.91) | 0.1048 | 4.33 (1.19–15.7) | 0.0259 |
| ES vs. ModS | 1.84 (0.70–4.84) | 0.2154 | 1.26 (0.58–2.73) | 0.5659 | 0.83 (0.38–1.78) | 0.6311 |
| ModS vs. MinS | 0.86 (0.36–2.04) | 0.7325 | 1.13 (0.61–2.09) | 0.7026 | 1.36 (0.78–2.35) | 0.2759 |
| ModS vs. DS | 1.18 (0.30–4.61) | 0.8089 | 2.25 (0.74–6.88) | 0.1551 | 5.22 (1.67–16.4) | 0.0046 |
| DS vs. MinS | 0.73 (0.19–2.84) | 0.6472 | 0.50 (0.16–1.57) | 0.2359 | 0.26 (0.08–0.81) | 0.0197 |
| Cardiovascular mortality | ||||||
| Overall adjusted comparison§ | — | — | — | 0.768 | — | — |
| ES vs. MinS | — | — | 0.91 (0.45–1.81) | 0.7786 | — | — |
| ES vs. DS | — | — | 1.33 (0.52–3.40) | 0.5545 | — | — |
| ES vs. ModS | — | — | 1.10 (0.56–2.18) | 0.7828 | — | — |
| ModS vs. MinS | — | — | 0.82 (0.50–1.36) | 0.449 | — | — |
| ModS vs. DS | — | — | 1.21 (0.54–2.68) | 0.6454 | — | — |
| DS vs. MinS | — | — | 0.68 (0.31–1.51) | 0.3451 | — | — |
Definition of abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; DS = disturbed sleepy; ES = excessively sleepy; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; HR = hazard ratio; MinS = minimally symptomatic; ModS = moderately sleepy; OR = odds ratio.
Values in bold represent significant differences in pairwise comparisons.
Logistic regression model adjusted for age, sex, BMI, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, HDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides, apnea–hypopnea index, alcohol use, smoking status, race, ethnicity, and use of lipid-lowering medication.
Cox proportional hazards regression model adjusted for age, sex, BMI, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, HDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides, apnea–hypopnea index, alcohol use, smoking status, race, ethnicity, and use of lipid-lowering medication, excluding individuals with the corresponding disease at baseline.
Cox proportional hazards regression model adjusted for age, sex, BMI, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, HDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides, apnea–hypopnea index, alcohol use, smoking status, race, ethnicity, use of lipid-lowering medication, and status of corresponding disease at baseline. The reference category for all comparisons is always the second category presented in the column “Pairwise Comparison.” Results of the tests of proportional-hazards assumption are presented in Table E7.
P values evaluating null hypothesis of no differences in risk among subtypes.