Table 2.
First author (year) | Exposure | Population | Sample size | Risk estimate | 95% CI | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cadmium exposure stratified by menopausal status | ||||||
McElroy (2006) [165] | Urinary cadmium | Women aged 20–69 years | 246 cases and 254 controls |
All ages OR 2.29 20–56 years OR 2.34 57–69 years OR 1.36 |
1.3–4.2 1.1–5.0 0.5–3.4 |
Highest (≥ 0.58) vs lowest (< 0.263 μg/g) quartile |
Gallagher (2010) [166] | Urinary cadmium | Long Island (LI), NY and NHANES women aged ≥ 30 years |
LI 100 cases and 98 controls NHANES 99 cases and 3120 non-cases |
All ages OR 2.81 n.s. difference by age All ages OR 2.32 30–54 years OR n.s. ≥ 55 years OR 7.25 |
1.11–7.13 0.92–5.84 n.s. 1.04–50.7 |
Highest (≥ 0.60) vs lowest (< 0.22 μg/g creatinine) quartile |
Itoh (2014) [157] | Dietary cadmium | Japanese women aged 20–74 years | 212 cases and 253 controls |
All cases OR 1.04 Premeno. OR 1.01 Postmeno. OR 1.06 Post. ER+ OR 1.08 Post. ER− OR 0.99 |
1.00–1.08 0.96–1.07 1.06–1.11 1.03–1.14 0.92–1.06 |
Continuous cadmium intake (μg/day) |
Amadou (2019) [160] | Long-term airborne exposure to cadmium | E3N French cohort aged 40–65 years | 4059 cases and 4059 controls |
Overall OR 0.98 Premeno OR 0.72 Postmeno. OR 1.06 ER+ OR 1.00 ER− OR 0.63 |
0.84–1.14 0.45–1.15 0.89–1.27 0.82–1.22 0.41–0.95 |
Highest (> 5.47) vs lowest (≤ 0.033 mg/m2) quintile |
Grioni (2019) [156] | Dietary cadmium | Italian cohort aged 34–70 years | 8924 total in cohort with 481 cases |
Overall HR 1.54 Premeno HR 1.73 Postmeno HR 1.29 ER+ HR 1.64 ER− HR 1.30 |
1.06–2.22 1.10–2.71 0.68–2.44 1.06–2.54 0.60–2.83 |
Highest (≥ 8.82) vs lowest (< 6.73 μg/day) quintile |
O’Brien (2019) [167] | Cadmium from toenail clippings | Sister and two-sister studies aged < 50 years | 1217 sister-pairs of cases and controls | OR 1.15 | 0.82–1.60 | Highest (> 0.011) vs lowest (< 0.003 μg/g) quartile |
White (2019) [161] |
Residential census tract airborne exposure to cadmium at baseline | Sister study aged 35–74 years | 50,884 total in cohort with 2587 cases |
Overall HR 1.1 Premeno 1.0 Postmeno 1.1 |
0.96– 1.3 0.78– 1.4 0.96– 1.3 |
Highest vs lowest quintile |
Postmenopausal women only | ||||||
Julin (2012) [158] | Dietary cadmium | Swedish postmenopausal women | 55,987 total in cohort with 2112 cases |
All cases RR 1.21 ER+ cases RR 1.19 ER− cases RR 1.33 |
1.07–1.36 1.03–1.36 0.95–1.87 |
Highest (> 16) vs lowest (< 13 μg/day) tertile |
Adams (2012) [153] | Dietary cadmium | Postmenopausal women in VITamines And Lifestyle cohort | 30,543 total in cohort with 899 cases |
HR 1.00 n.s. difference by ER status (p = 0.11) |
0.72–1.41 | Highest (> 13.3) vs lowest (< 7.48 μg/day) quartile |
Eriksen (2014) [155] | Dietary cadmium | Danish postmenopausal women | 23,815 total in cohort with 1390 breast cancer cases |
All cases IRR 0.99 ER+ IRR 1.00 ER− IRR 0.88 |
0.87–1.13 0.85–1.15 0.62–1.22 |
Per 10 μg/day increase in intake |
Adams (2014) [154] | Dietary cadmium | Postmenopausal women aged 50–79 years | 155,069 total in cohort with 6658 cases |
HR 0.90 n.s. difference by ER status |
0.81–1.00 | Highest (> 14.21) vs lowest (< 7.10 μg/day) quintile |
Adams (2016) [162] | Urinary cadmium | Postmenopausal women ages ≥ 50 years in Women’s Health Initiative | 12,701 total in cohort with 508 cases and 1050 controls |
All HR 0.80 ER+ HR 0.98 ER−/PR- HR 0.88 |
0.56–1.14 0.87–1.07 0.70–1.11 |
Highest (> 0.748) vs lowest (< 0.325 μg/g creatinine) quartile |
All ages | ||||||
Sawada (2012) [159] | Dietary cadmium | Japanese women aged 45–74 years | 48,351 females total in cohort with 402 breast cancer cases | HR 0.87 | 0.61–1.23 | Highest (median 32.3) vs lowest (median 19.2 μg/day) tertile |
Nagata (2013) [164] | Urinary cadmium | Japanese women ages ≥ 25 years | 153 cases from one hospital and 431 controls invited for breast cancer screening | OR 6.05 | 2.90–12.62 | Highest (> 2.620) vs lowest (< 1.674 μg/g creatinine) tertile |
Gaudet (2018) [163] | Blood cadmium | Cancer Prevention Study II women 47–85 years of age | 816 cases and 816 controls |
All RR 1.01 ER+ RR 0.89 ER− RR 0.96 |
0.76–1.34 0.62–1.27 0.44–2.09 |
Continuous per μg/L |
Italian women aged 35–70 years | 292 cases and 294 controls | RR 0.80 | 0.61–1.03 | Continuous per μg/L | ||
Swedish women aged 30–61 years | 325 cases and 325 controls | RR 0.73 | 0.54–0.97 | Continuous per μg/L | ||
Combined 3 nested case-cohort studies | 1433 cases and 1435 controls | RR 0.84 | 0.69–1.01 | Continuous per μg/L |
Abbreviations: BCSC Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium, CI confidence interval, EPA Environmental Protection Agency, ER estrogen receptor, HR hazard ratio, IRR incidence rate ratio, NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, n.s. not statistically significant, OR odds ratio, RR relative risk