Table 3.

Disinfecting wipes decontamination efficacy tests in literature

Test organism	Textile substrate	Active ingredient	App. type	Surfaces	Contact time	Test method	Ref.
E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, Streptococcus faecalis	(a) Heavy-duty paper wipe; (b) Non-woven rayon; (c) Non-woven fabric sheet	(a) 30% ethyl alcohol; (b) 10% ethyl alcohol and cetrimide; (c) Quaternary ammonium compounds	(a,b) PIDW (c) PSDW	Formica boards	Until dry	Swabbing techniques are superior to agar-impression methods	[64]
Adenovirus 8	(1) Pad, (2) Gauze, (3) Pad	(1) 70% isopropyl alcohol, (2) 3% hydrogen peroxide, (3) Iodophor	PSDW	Goldmann tonometer and pneumotonometer tips	5 s for wiping	Quantitatively assayed for residual virus	[40]
Meticillin-resistant (MRSA) or -susceptible (MSSA) S. aureus	n.a	Grapefruit extract	PIDW	Stainless steel discs	10 s rotation	Three-step protocol	[29]
Clostridium difficile	CAWP	Hypochloride, QACs	PIDW	Steel discs	10 s rotation	Three-stage protocol	[82]
S. aureus (ATCC 6538) Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC 19568)	CAWP	H2O2, chloride and chloramine compounds; Sodium hypochlorite 1000 ppm, isopropanol; ethanol, quaternary ammonium compounds	PIDW	Discs (AISI Type 430; 1 cm in diameter and 0.7 mm thick) of magnetized and brushed stainless steel	10 s rotation	ASTM Standard E2967–15	[83]
Mycobacterium avium	Ready-to-use wipe	Chlorine dioxide concentration in the activated wipe was 200 ppm.	PIDW	Sterile frosted glass	30 s and 1 min	prEN 14,563	[25]
Coagulated blood test soil, Streptococcus pneumoniae	6CAWP	Sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, QACs, isopropanol	PIDW	Anesthesia machine surface	n.a	Residual protein debris by o-phthaldialdehyde analysis, bacterial survival by adenosine triphosphate measurement, measure of force required to remove the dried debris	[2]
MRSA-positive hospitalized patients	Disposable and nondisposable wipes (100% cotton)	1000 ppm hypochlorite	PIDM PSDM	Bed rails	5 mins	Five-steps method (more information can be found in the article)	[65]
E. coli, S. aureus, Bacillus thuringiensis spores, poliovirus 1	CAWP	Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs)	PIDM	Ceramic tile, laminate, and granite	10 mins	Concentrations of transferred microorganisms on the fingers after the disinfectant wipe intervention	[84]
S. aureus (ATCC 6538), Salmonella enterica (ATCC 10708), P.aeruginosa (ATCC 15442)	Cotton and microfibre towels	Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs)	PSDW	Glass slides	Less than 10 mins	AOAC International method 961.02 Germicidal spray tests (GSTs)	[85]
Campylobacter jejuni	n.a	n.a	PIDW	Ceramic tile, laminate and granite	n.a	Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA)	[86]

Note: E. coli Escherichia coli, S. aureus Staphylococcus aureus, P. aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa, CAWP commercially available wipe product, PIDM pre-impregnated disinfecting wipe (pre-wetted disinfecting wipe), PSDM pre-soaked disinfecting wipe (bucket method), n.a. Not available