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. 2019 Aug 20;19:201. doi: 10.1186/s12883-019-1425-0

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 3 — DSA discovered another collateral circulation pathway that supplied ipsilateral ICA after CCAO. This was a left (ipsilateral) subclavian artery angiography (front position (a) and lateral position (b), arterial phase). Left CCA was occluded. The original part of left subclavian artery had moderate stenosis. The V1 segment of left vertebral artery had severe stenosis. The V4 segment of left vertebral artery became undeveloped after it gave out the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. The collateral circulation pathway was: ascending cervical artery from left thyrocervical trunk (arrow^①) and deep cervical artery from left costocervical trunk (arrow^②) – occipital artery (retrograde, arrow^③) – ECA (retrograde, arrow^④) – carotid bifurcation – ICA (arrow^⑤)