Table 2.
Baseline and follow-up characteristics of the groups.
| Parameters | Group 1a baseline (NFG to NFG) (n = 54) | Group 2a baseline (NFG to IFG) (n = 20) | Group 3a baseline (IFG to IFG) (n = 26) | Group 4a baseline (IFG to diabetes) (n = 14) | p for trend baseline groups | Group 1b follow-up (NFG to NFG) (n = 54) | Group 2b follow-up (NFG to IFG) (n = 20) | Group 3b follow-up (IFG to IFG) (n = 26) | Group 4b follow-up (IFG to diabetes) (n = 14) | p for trend follow-upgroups |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years)a | 53.4 ± 3.0 | 53.8 ± 5.0 | 54.7 ± 5.0 | 56.1 ± 2.0 | 0.13 | 58.8 ± 3.2# | 59.0 ± 5.7# | 61.0 ± 4.5# | 61.3 ± 2.0# | 0.08 |
| BMIa | 26.1 ± 3.7 | 28.4 ± 4.0∗ | 28.9 ± 2.7 | 34.7 ± 3.8! | <0.001 | 26.7 ± 2.7 | 29.3 ± 3.8! | 30.3 ± 2.5$ | 34.3 ± 3.1! | <0.001 |
| WC (cm)a | 84.6 ± 9.9 | 89.6 ± 9.8 | 92.3 ± 7.0 | 108.4 ± 8.7! | <0.001 | 85.0 ± 7.8 | 94.4 ± 11.4! | 96.2 ± 7.0$ | 104.6 ± 5.5! | <0.001 |
| Years after menopausea | 5.2 ± 3.6 | 5.8 ± 4.4 | 6.0 ± 5.1 | 5.0 ± 2.4 | 0.6 | 10.4 ± 3.9# | 10.1 ± 4.4# | 11.2 ± 5.4# | 10.3 ± 2.1# | 0.46 |
| Glucose (mmol/L)a | 4.92 ± 0.3 | 5.16 ± 0.34∗ | 6.07 ± 0.34 | 6.36 ± 0.46∗ | <0.001 | 5.05 ± 0.28# | 5.82 ± 0.25!,$ | 6.0 ± 0.48 | 6.99 ± 1.1&,@ | <0.001 |
| Insulin (mIU/mL)b | 5.6 (4.6-7.0) | 7.0 (4.2-8.9)∗ | 9.1 (6.1-12.2) | 9.5 (5.5-17.2) | 0.002 | 5.7 (3.3-8.6) | 10.5 (3.5-13,5)!,@ | 9.8 (8.2-11.9) | 16.7 (9.1-29.4)!,# | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IRb | 1.27 (0.97-1.47) | 1.66 (1.0-1.88) | 2.49 (1.61-3.37) | 2.33 (1.50-4.80)∗ | <0.001 | 1.35 (0.73-1.95) | 2.37 (0.79-3.14)!,$ | 2.61 (2.32-3.1) | 5.8 (2.7-9.1)!,# | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR > 2.0 (%) | 7.4 | 20.0 | 66.7 | 57.0 | <0.001 | 19.2 | 55.6 | 91.7 | 100.0 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol)b | — | — | — | — | — | 34.0 (31.0-38.0) | 38.0 (37.0-39.0) | 39.0 (37.0-41.0) | 41.0 (39.0-44.0)∗ | <0.001 |
| HDL (mmol/L)b | 1.74 (1.55-1.97) | 1.39 (1.19-1.79)& | 1.45 (1.30-1.63) | 1.35 (1.27-1.84) | <0.001 | 1.58 (1.37-1.79)# | 1.35 (1.14-2.02)∗ | 1.45 (1.22-1.58) | 1.37 (1.22-1.50)$ | 0.002 |
| TG (mmol/L)b | 1.14 (0.90-1.16) | 1.02 (0.80-1.75) | 1.59 (1.20-2.02) | 1.94 (1.48-2.38) | <0.001 | 1.13 (0.89-1.44) | 1.27 (0.89-1.45)∗ | 1.41 (1.22-1.58) | 1.24 (1.16-1.55)$ | 0.002 |
| CRP (mg/L)b | 0.70 (0.30-1.30) | 1.25 (0.52-5.70)! | 2.14 (1.43-3.14) | 3.50 (1.44-4.90)! | <0.001 | 0.63 (0.42-2.22)$ | 1.55 (0.96-2.28)! | 2.20 (1.69-2.78) | 3.67 (1.28-5.30)∗ | <0.001 |
| TSH (μIU/mL)b | 1.07 (0.73-2.02) | 1.30 (1.20-2.20) | 1.14 (0.56-2.13) | 2.03 (1.90-2.49)& | 0.06 | 1.13 (0.79-2.01) | 1.67 (0.79-2.09) | 1.09 (0.80-1.93) | 1.66 (1.27-1.90) | 0.39 |
| 17beta-estradiol (pg/mL)b | 10.1 (5.0-24.1) | 12.1 (4.9-26.0) | 19.0 (14.0-34.0) | 22.0 (11.0-29.0) | 0.04 | 11.4 (4.9-22.0) | 20.5 (18.0-38.0)∗,$ | 11.9 (4.9-16.0) | 5.9 (4.9-8.3)∗,# | 0.03 |
| Estrone (pg/mL)b | 43.2 (38.7-49.6) | 35.9 (32.1-67.8) | 41.9 (39.2-53.4) | 40.7 (35.6-70.0) | 0.3 | 49.8 (41.2-70.5)# | 42.8 (44.3-59.9)$ | 50.6 (43.1-63.2)@ | 49.4 (46.2-53.8) | 0.59 |
| FSH (mIU/mL)b | 94.3 (73.4-110.9) | 67.6 (57.6-78.3)! | 63.0 (56.0-78.5) | 44.3 (38.0-55.34)! | <0.001 | 78.5 (61.2-111.0)$ | 62.3 (53.0-69.1)∗,@ | 51.8 (47.2-69.2)# | 39.9 (36.0-46.8)∗,@ | <0.001 |
| LH (mIU/mL)b | 36.4 (31.2-47.3) | 34.2 (29.7-35.2)& | 29.2 (23.3-35.0) | 24.2 (16.3-30.8)& | <0.001 | 28.0 (23.3-38.6)# | 28.1 (26.6-34.2)@ | 22.6 (20.1-27.1)# | 17.8 (14.9-25.4)∗,$ | 0.002 |
| LH/FSHb | 0.40 (0.32-0.48) | 0.46 (0.42-0.57)∗ | 0.46 (0.38-0.54) | 0.52 (0.41-0.58) | 0.09 | 0.37 (0.29-0.44)@ | 0.45 (0.41-0.55)∗ | 0.39 (0.34-0.49)$ | 0.40 (0.38-0.56) | 0.17 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)b | 123.0 (104.0-131.0) | 127.0 (124.0-130.0) | 130.0 (125.0-146.0) | 132.0 (130.0-150.0)& | 0.05 | 120.0 (114.0-123.0)& | 131.0 (122.0-138.0) | 132.0 (126.0-140) | 130.0 (114.0-140.0) | 0.009 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)b | 80.0 (73.0-89.0) | 82.5 (85.0-86.0) | 80.0 (78.0-89.0) | 81.0 (80.0-92.0) | 0.47 | 80.0 (77.0-84.0) | 86.0 (76.0 - 99.0)& | 89.0 (76.0-90.0) | 86.0 (71.0–90.0) | 0.04 |
| Lipid-lowering therapy (%) | 14.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 16.0 | 0.4 | 22.0 | 10.0 | 33.0 | 67.0 | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive therapy (%) | 16.0 | 0.0 | 27.0 | 83.0 | <0.001 | 18.0 | 20.0 | 50.0 | 83.0 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity: never or sporadically (%) | 42 | 50 | 45.5 | 63 | 0.07 | 45 | 51 | 48 | 68 | 0.08 |
| Current smokers (%) | 26 | 20 | 25 | 31 | 0.68 | 15 | 15 | 27 | 20 | 0.02 |
The data were expressed as follows: ameans (±SD) or bmedians (25th and 75th percentiles); em dash means no data; !p < 0.001, &p < 0.01, ∗p < 0.05; 1a versus 2a or 3a versus 4a or 1b versus 2b or 3b versus 4b, all differences are adjusted for WC with the exception of variables (age, BMI, WC, and years after menopause) and percentage variables; #p < 0.001, $p < 0.01, @p < 0.05; 1a versus 1b, 2a versus 2b, 3a versus 3b, 4a versus 4b. NFG: normal fasting glucose; IFG: impaired fasting glucose.