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. 2019 Feb 23;68(5):767–780. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syz013

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© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Systematic Biologists.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contactjournals.permissions@oup.com

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Figure 2. — Methodological procedure to identify orthology, serialogy, and analogy at the organism level. To identify orthologs, the common origin of the structures should be confirmed. Same ontogenies result in same phenotypes (one character state; a), different ontogenies in different phenotypes (two character states, b). Similar phenotypes can reflect the same (a) or two cryptic characters states (c). Duplication of orthologs results in serialogs irrespective of the phenotype (d). Analogs have different origins corresponding to different characters irrespective of their phenotypes (e). = indicates respectively same origin, same developmental pathways, similar phenotypes; indicates respectively different origins, different developmental pathways, different phenotypes.

Inline graphic — Methodological procedure to identify orthology, serialogy, and analogy at the organism level. To identify orthologs, the common origin of the structures should be confirmed. Same ontogenies result in same phenotypes (one character state; a), different ontogenies in different phenotypes (two character states, b). Similar phenotypes can reflect the same (a) or two cryptic characters states (c). Duplication of orthologs results in serialogs irrespective of the phenotype (d). Analogs have different origins corresponding to different characters irrespective of their phenotypes (e). = indicates respectively same origin, same developmental pathways, similar phenotypes; indicates respectively different origins, different developmental pathways, different phenotypes.