Table 1. Demographic characteristics of women (15–49 years old) and children (<5 years old) participants in the IHOPE cohort.
Comparisons of demographic characteristics between the intervention and non-intervention groups were made separately for 2014 and 2016 surveys. Differences between groups for each survey year were calculated using a Student t test for continuous variables and a chi-squared test for categorical variables.
| Characteristics | 2014 | 2016 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-intervention group N (%) |
Intervention group N (%) |
p-value | Non-intervention group N (%) |
Intervention group N (%) |
p-value | |
| Children (<5 years old) | 920 | 413 | 945 | 400 | ||
|
Reported sick within two weeks of survey date By symptom: |
474 (51.5) | 183 (44.3) | 0.05 | 313 (33.1) | 98 (24.5) | 0.00 |
| Diarrhea | 125 (13.6) | 56 (13.6) | 0.96 | 107 (11.3) | 44 (11.0) | 0.87 |
| Fever | 352 (38.3) | 91 (22.0) | 0.00 | 137 (14.5) | 27 (6.8) | 0.00 |
| Cough and difficulty breathing | 251 (27.3) | 110 (26.6) | 0.87 | 156 (16.5) | 44 (11.0) | 0.02 |
| Sex | 0.67 | 0.93 | ||||
| Male | 465 (50.5) | 203 (49.2) | 484 (51.2) | 204 (51.0) | ||
| Female | 455 (49.5) | 210 (50.8) | 461 (48.8) | 196 (49.0) | ||
| Mean age in years | 2.5 | 2.6 | 0.39 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 0.27 |
| Mean number of siblings alive | 2.7 | 2.4 | 0.15 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 0.44 |
| Household wealth index* | 0.01 | 0.00 | ||||
| Within poorest 1st or 2nd wealth quintiles | 516 (56.1) | 144 (34.9) | 525 (55.5) | 141 (35.2) | ||
| Within richest 4th or 5th wealth quintiles | 236 (25.6) | 191 (46.2) | 212 (22.5) | 189 (47.1) | ||
| Mean maternal age in years | 29.0 | 28.2 | 0.15 | 28.5 | 29.2 | 0.32 |
| Highest maternal education level attained** | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| Received no formal education | 360 (39.1) | 89 (21.5) | 360 (38.1) | 99 (24.8) | ||
| Attained primary education level | 506 (55.0) | 238 (57.6) | 533 (56.4) | 213 (53.3) | ||
| Attained secondary education level or higher | 54 (5.9) | 86 (20.8) | 52 (5.5) | 88 (22.0) | ||
| Maternal literacy status | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| Not literate | 620 (67.4) | 159 (38.5) | 588 (62.2) | 176 (44.0) | ||
| Literate | 299 (32.5) | 254 (61.5) | 356 (37.7) | 221 (55.3) | ||
| Women (15–49 years old) | 994 | 641 | 990 | 595 | ||
| Reported delivery within two years of survey date | 378 (38.0) | 174 (27.1) | 0.00 | 369 (37.3) | 155 (26.1) | 0.00 |
| Mean age in years | 28.4 | 28.4 | 0.98 | 28.7 | 29.3 | 0.20 |
| Marital status | 0.02 | 0.00 | ||||
| Not married | 372 (37.4) | 303 (47.3) | 373 (37.7) | 273 (45.9) | ||
| Married or lives with a partner | 622 (62.6) | 338 (52.7) | 617 (62.3) | 321 (53.9) | ||
| Mean number of live births | 3.5 | 2.9 | 0.04 | 3.5 | 2.9 | 0.02 |
| Household wealth index* | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| Within poorest 1st or 2nd wealth quintiles | 509 (51.2) | 154 (23.9) | 479 (48.4) | 167 (28.2) | ||
| Within richest 4th or 5th wealth quintiles | 279 (28.1) | 389 (60.7) | 293 (29.5) | 348 (58.6) | ||
| Highest education level attained** | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| Received no formal education | 312 (31.4) | 97 (15.1) | 294 (29.7) | 92 (15.5) | ||
| Attained primary education level | 597 (60.1) | 318 (49.6) | 588 (59.4) | 301 (50.6) | ||
| Attained secondary education level or higher | 85 (8.6) | 226 (35.3) | 108 (10.9) | 201 (33.8) | ||
| Literacy status | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| Not literate | 567 (57.0) | 182 (28.4) | 548 (55.4) | 195 (32.8) | ||
| Literate | 423 (42.6) | 459 (71.6) | 440 (44.4) | 398 (66.9) | ||
*A wealth index was calculated for each household in the Ifanadiana district based on standard DHS methods [48]. Households were categorized into quintiles (20% of Ifanadiana households in each quintile) based on their wealth index score. Households in the first and second wealth quintiles represent the poorest 40% of the population, while households in the fourth and fifth quintiles represent the richest 40% of the population.
**The education level attained was based on the highest grade level women reported to be attending or have completed at time of the survey.
Abbreviations: DHS, Demographics and Health Survey; IHOPE, The Ifanadiana Health Outcomes and Prosperity longitudinal Evaluation.