Table 1.
Photoanthropometric data of craniofacial traits in individuals with Williams syndrome (WS)
| Indexa | No. of WS Subjects | Mean | Standard deviation | Overall Z score for WS compared with normative data | % of WS outside normal range |
Chi-square value | Correlation with age for normative groupb | Correlation with age for WS group | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≥97% | ≤3% | ||||||||
| ICD/BD | 27 | 25.78 | 1.72 | 0.83 | 7.4 | 0 | 0.24 | –0.02 | 0.03 |
| MHF/BD | 27 | 62.31 | 7.44 | 1.34 | 37 | 0 | 23.23*** | 0.30** | 0.50** |
| pFW/BD | 27 | 20.17 | 1.35 | 2.00 | 55.6 | 7.4 | 44.05*** | 0.40*** | 0.25 |
| IAD/BD | 27 | 27.44 | 2.31 | 1.72 | 33.3 | 0 | 19.45*** | 0.06 | 0.49** |
| WM/BD | 27 | 35.46 | 5.30 | 0.98 | 12.5 | 3.7 | 1.57 | 0.07 | 0.63*** |
| NL/MHP | 14 | 32.32 | 5.89 | –2.45 | 0 | 42.9 | 21.63*** | 0.71*** | 0.39 |
| TS/T0 | 15 | 93.68 | 3.25 | 0.56 | 13.3 | 0 | 1.33 | 0.48*** | 0.13 |
| TC/T0 | 15 | 98.01 | 5.96 | –0.26 | 13.3 | 6.7 | 1.33 | 0.52*** | 0.24 |
| EL/MHP | 15 | 86.85 | 8.44 | 1.63 | 46.7 | 0 | 26.07*** | –0.42*** | –0.54* |
| EW/TS | 14 | 36.50 | 4.23 | 1.18 | 35.7 | 0 | 15.44*** | –0.49*** | –0.33 |
| WC/LC | 15 | 71.33 | 14.60 | –1.41 | 0 | 40 | 19.89*** | –0.35*** | –0.36 |
| ND/MHP | 15 | 19.41 | 3.75 | 0.71 | 13.3 | 6.7 | 1.33 | –0.09 | 0.09 |
| CH/TFH | 15 | 26.41 | 4.46 | 0.46 | 20 | 0 | 4.57* | –0.01 | –0.01 |
| INB | 16 | 49.97 | 7.74 | –1.81 | 0 | 12.5 | 1.15 | 0.27** | 0.26 |
| EP/MHP | 15 | 27.83 | 7.09 | –0.02 | 6.7 | 13.3 | 1.33 | –0.42*** | 0.15 |
| IEI | 15 | 89.64 | 6.10 | 0.24 | 46.7 | 0 | 26.07*** | 0.11 | 0.30 |
Explanation of indices: ICD/BD, inner canthal distance to bizygomatic diameter; PPW/BD. palpebral fissure width to bizygomatic diameter; INB, inclination of nasal base: NL/MHP, length of back of nose to midface height (profile); IAD/BD. interalar distance to bizygomatic diameter; TC[TO, prominence of the chin (tragion-tip of chin to tragionophryon); CH[TFH, chin height to total face height; WM/BD. width of mouth to bizygomatic diameter; EL/MHP, ear length to midface height (profile); EW/TS, ear width to tragion-subnasal; WC/LC. width of concha to length of concha: EP/MHP, ear position to midface height (profile); IEI, inclination of ear insertion; MHF/BD, midface height (frontal) to bizygomatic diameter; TS/TO, prominence of upper jaw (tragion-subnasal to tragion-ophryon); ND/MHP, nasolabial distance to midface height (profile).
p <0.05 (2-tailed).
p <0.01 (2-tailed).
p <0.001 (2-tailed).