Table 2.
List of Natural and Synthetic Materials for Bioinks (4), (5), (14), (23), (35, 38), (41, 4,2), (25, 46–48, 76–78, 110–129)
| Material classification | Printing technique | Solidification mechanism | Strengths | Drawbacks | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protein | Collagen and its derivatives | Droplet, extrusion, and SLA | Physical or chemical crosslinking | Nonimmunogenic | Low cell adhesion without modification |
| Gelatin and its derivatives | Droplet, extrusion, and SLA | Physical or chemical crosslinking | Nonimmunogenic | Weak mechanical properties without modification | |
| Elastin | Droplet and extrusion | Self-assembling | Good biocompatibility | Calcification, hydrophobicity, and insolubility | |
| Fibrin | Droplet, extrusion, and SLA | Self-assembling | Angiogenesis enhancement | Low mechanical property | |
| Matrigel | Droplet and extrusion | Self-assembling | Self-renewal and pluripotency for stem cells | Low mechanical property | |
| Polysaccharide | Agarose | Droplet and extrusion | Physical crosslinking | Thermo-reversibility | Low cell adhesion without modification |
| Alginate | Droplet and extrusion | Physical crosslinking | Biocompatibility, fast gelation, and nonimmunogenic | Low cell adhesion without modification | |
| Chitosan | Extrusion | Chemical crosslinking | pH-sensitive solubility, biocompatibility, and hydrophilicity | High viscosity | |
| Hyaluronic acid and its derivatives | Droplet, extrusion and SLA | Physical or chemical crosslinking | The similarity to ECM and cell viability | Poor mechanical property | |
| Decellularized ECM | Droplet and extrusion | Physical or chemical crosslinking | Natural ECM biomimicry and tissue specificity | Complex preparation steps | |
| Polyethers | Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate | SLA | Covalent crosslinking | Nonimmunogenic | Low cell adhesion |
| Polyesters | Poly(caprolactone) and its derivatives | Extrusion and SLA | Temperature or covalent crosslinking | Good biocompatibility | Very slow degradation |
| Poly(lactic acid) | Extrusion | T emperature | Good biocompatibility | Immunogenicity | |
| Poly(propylene fumarate) | SLA | Covalent crosslinking | Good biodegradability | Immunogenicity | |
| Poloxamer | Pluronic F127 | Extrusion | Physical crosslinking | Nonimmunogenic and high printability | Poor mechanical property and slow gelation |